7"A Lc 
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 



t 







CARNEGI 



Sixth Edition 



STEEL COMPANY 

TSBURGH, PA. 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 



STEEL 

FOR 

BRIDGES, BUILDINGS 

LOCOMOTIVES, CARS, AND SHIPS 

BOILERS AND RIVETS 

CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT 

WHEELS AND GEAR BLANKS 

AXLES AND SHAFTS 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 

PITTSBURGH, PA. 



G844GKMD916 



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Copyright, 1917, by 
CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 















■JAN 30 1917 




©CIA455371 


Sixth Edition, 


January 1, 1917. 






CONTENTS 

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN STEEL MANUFACTURERS 

Structural Steel 6-10 

Boiler Steel . . . . . 11-13 

Permissible Variations in Sheared Plates 14-15 

Permissible Variations in Hot-rolled Bars 16 

Standard Methods of Sampling for Check Analysis 17-19 

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

Structural Steel for Bridges : 22-28 

Structural Steel for Buildings 29-34 

Structural Nickel Steel 35-41 

Structural Steel for Ships 42-46 

Rivet Steel for Ships 47-51 

Structural Steel for Cars 52-57 

Carbon Steel Car and Tender Axles 58-60 

Quenched and Tempered Carbon Steel Forgings, etc...... 61-67 

Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Forgings, etc 68-75 

Structural Steel for Locomotives 76-80 

Boiler and Firebox Steel for Locomotives 81-85 

Carbon Steel Forgings for Locomotives 86-90 

Steel Wheels for Steam Railway Service 91-96 

Steel Wheels for Electric Railway Service 97-103 

Boiler Rivet Steel 104-107 

Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel Forgings 108-116 

Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars . 117-120 

CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 

Wheels for Mine and Industrial Locomotives 122-124 

Wheels for Industrial Purposes 125-127 

Crane Track Wheel Blanks 128-130 

Spur Gear Blanks 131-133 

MASTER CAR BUILDERS' ASSOCIATION 

Steel Axles 136-139 

AMERICAN RAILWAY ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION 

Structural Steel for Railway Bridges 

First Part: Design 142-152 

Second Part: Materials and Workmanship 153-162 

AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY 

Steel Structures 

Design, Details of Construction and Workmanship. . . . 164-170 



THE ASSOCIATION 

OF 

AMERICAN STEEL MANUFACTURERS 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 



STRUCTURAL AND BOILER STEEL 



THE ASSOCIATION OF 
AMERICAN STEEL MANUFACTURERS 

August 9, 1895 

Revised 1896, 1902, 1903, 1912, 1914 and 

September 1, 1916 

MANUFACTURERS' STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 
STRUCTURAL STEEL 

1. Grades. These specifications cover three classes of structural 
steel, namely: 

Class A Steel 
To be used for railway bridges and ships. 

Class B Steel 
To be used for buildings, highway bridges, train sheds 
and similar structures. 

Class C Steel 
To be used for structural rivets. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. Steel for classes A and C shall be made by the 
open-hearth process. Steel for class B may be made either by the 
open-hearth or by the bessemer process. 



A. A. S. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL 



II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 



Elements Considered 


Class A 
Steel 


Class B 
Steel 


Class C 
Steel 


Phosphorus, maximum, 

Basic open-hearth . .per cent 

Acid open-hearth per cent 

Bessemer per cent 

Sulphur, maximum per cent 


0.04 
0.06 

0.05 


0.06 
0.08 
0.10 


0.04 
0.04 

0.045 



4. Ladle Analyses. To determine whether the material conforms 
to the requirements specified in sec. 3, an analysis shall be made 
by the manufacturer from a test ingot taken during the pouring of 
each melt. A copy of this analysis shall be given to the purchaser 
or his representative, if requested. 

5. Check Analyses. A check analysis of class A and class C steel 
may be made by the purchaser from finished material representing 
each melt, in which case an excess of 25 per cent above the require- 
ments specified in sec. 3 shall be allowed. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

6. Tension Tests. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to tensile properties: 



Properties Considered 


Class A 
Steel 


Class B 
Steel 


Class C 
Steel 


Tensile strength. . .lb. per sq. inch 
Yield point, min...lb. per sq. inch 
Elongation in 8 in., min. .per cent 
Elongation in 2 in., } min . per cent 


55,000-65,000 

0.5 tens. str. 

1,400.000 t 

tens. str. 

22 


55,000-65,000* 

0.5 tens. str. 

1,400,000 f 

tens. str. 

22 


46,000-56,000 

0.5 tens. str. 

1,400,000 

tens. str. 



*See sec. 8. 



f See sec. 9. 



JSee fig. 2. 



7. Yield Point. The yield point shall be determined by the drop 
of the beam of the testing machine. 

8. Modification in Tensile Strength. Class B steel may have tensile 
strength up to 70,000 pounds maximum, provided the elongation 
is not less than the percentage required for 65,000 pounds tensile 
strength. 

9. Modifications in Elongation, (a) For material over % inch 
in thickness, a deduction of 1 from the percentage of elongation in 
8 inches specified for classes A and B in sec. 6 shall be made for 
each increase of % inch in thickness above % inch, to a minimum 
of 18 per cent. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



(b) For material under %6 inch in thickness, a deduction of 
2.5 from the percentage of elongation in 8 inches specified for 
classes A and B in sec. G shall be made for each decrease of Vio inch 
in thickness below 5 /ic inch. 

10. character of Fracture. All broken tension-test specimens shall 
show a silky fracture. 

11. Bend Tests, (a) The test specimen for plates, shapes and 
bars shall bend cold through 180 degrees without fracture on the 
outside of the bent portion, as follows: For material ^ inch and 
under in thickness, flat on itself; for material over % inch up to 
1}4 inches in thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is 
equal to 1% times the thickness of the specimen; and for material 
over 134 inches in thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is 
equal to twice the thickness of the specimen. 

(6) The test specimen for pins and rollers shall bend cold through 
180 degrees around a 1-inch pin without fracture on the outside of 
the bent portion. 

(c) A rivet rod shall bend cold through ISO degrees flat on itself 
without fracture on the outside of the bent portion. 

(d) Bend tests may be made by pressure or by blows. 

12. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens shall 
be taken from the finished rolled or forged product, and shall not 
be annealed or otherwise treated, except as specified in sec. 13. 

(6) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates, shapes and 
bars, except as specified in par. (c), shall be of the full thickness of 
material as rolled, and with both edges milled to the form and 
dimensions shown in fig. 1, or may have both edges parallel. 

I 

«- About 3--^ J/ r ?arand_§ec4iQn.not.lesAthan.?".^ ^About-3^*, 
L^ i rl%" • J> 



— . *J^-l-''i-l'i'Etc. 
u. About 18" *I 

Figure 1. 

(c) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates and bars (except 
eye-bar flats) over 1 J^ inches in thickness or diameter may be turned 
or planed to a diameter or thickness of at least ? 4 inch for a length 
of at least 9 inches. 



A. A. S. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL 



(d) Tension-and bend-test specimens for pins and rollers shall 
be taken parallel to the axis, 1 inch from the surface of the bar. 
Tension-test specimens shall be of the form and dimensions shown 



in fig. 2. Bend-test specimens shall be 1 inch by Yi inch in section 




- 2." --J^-%%! 

Figure 2. 
(e) Rivet bars shall be tested in full-size section as rolled. 

13. Annealed Specimens. Test specimens for material which is to 
be annealed or otherwise treated before use, shall be cut from 
properly annealed or similarly treated short lengths of the full 
section of the piece. 

14. Number of Tests, (a) At least one tension test and one 
bend test shall be made from each melt. If material from one 
melt differs Y% inch or more in thickness, tests shall be made from 
both the thickest and the thinnest material rolled. 

(b) If any test specimen develops flaws, or if an 8-inch tension- 
test specimen breaks outside the middle third of the gage length, 
or if a 2-inch tension-test specimen breaks outside the gage length, 
it may be discarded and another specimen substituted therefor. 

(c) Material intended for fillers or ornamental purposes will 
not be subject to test. 

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND GAGE 

15. Permissible Variations, (a) The sectional area or weight of 
each structural shape and of each rolled-edge plate up to and in- 
cluding 36 inches in width shall not vary more than 2.5 per cent 
from theoretical or specified amounts. 

(b) The thickness or weight of each universal plate over 36 
inches in width, and of each sheared plate shall conform to the 
schedules of permissible variations for sheared plates, Manu- 
facturers' Standard Practice, appended to these specifications. 

(c) The weights of angles, tees, zees and channels of bar sizes, 
and the dimensions of rounds, squares, hexagons and flats, shall 
conform to the Manufacturers' Standard Practice governing the 
allowable variations in size and weight of hot rolled bars. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



V. FINISH 

16. Finish. The finished material shall be free from injurious 
defects, and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

VI. MARKING 

17. Marking. The name of the manufacturer and the melt 
number shall be legibly marked, stamped or rolled upon all finished 
material, except that each pin and roller shall be stamped on the 
end. Rivet and lattice steel and other small pieces may be shipped 
in securely fastened bundles, with the above marks legibly stamped 
on attached metal tags. Test specimens shall have their melt 
numbers plainly marked or stamped. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

18. inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished 
in accordance with these specifications. All tests and inspection 
shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, and 
shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the 
operation of the works. 

19. Rejection. Material which, subsequent to the above tests 
at the mills and its acceptance there, develops weak spots, brittle- 
ness, cracks or other imperfections, or is found to have injurious 
defects, may be rejected at the shop and shall then be replaced by 
the manufacturer at his own cost. 



A. A. S. M. 


—BOILER STEEL 




BOILER STEEL 

1. Grades. There shall be three grades of steel for boilers, 
namely: flange, firebox, and boiler rivet. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition : • 


Elements Considered 


Flange Steel 


Firebox Steel 


Boiler Rivet Steel 


Manganese per cent 

Phosphorus, maximum, 

Basic per cent 

Acid per cent 

Sulphur, maximum per cent 


0.30 to 0.60 

0.04 
0.05 
0.05 


0.30 to 0.50 

0.035 

0.04 
0.04 


0.30 to 0.50 

0.04 
0.04 
0.045 


4. Ladle Analyses. To determine whether the material conforms 
to the requirements specified in sec. 3, an analysis shall be made 
by the manufacturer from a test ingot taken during the pouring 
of each melt. A copy of this analysis shall be given to the purchaser 
or his representative. 

5. Check Analyses. A check analysis may be made by the 
purchaser from a broken tension-test specimen representing each 
plate as rolled, and this analysis shall conform to the requirements 
specified in sec. 3. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

6. Tension Tests. The steel shall conform to the following re- 
quirements as to tensile properties: 


Properties Considered 


Flange Steel 


Firebox Steel 


Boiler Rivet Steel 


Tensile strength. . .lb. per sq. inch 
Yield point, min. . .lb. per sq. inch 


55,000-65,000 

0.5 tens. str. 

1,450,000* 

tens. str. 


52,000-60,000 

0.5 tens. str. 

1,450,000* 

tens. str. 


45,000-55,000 

0.5 tens. str. 

1,450,000 

tens. str. 


*See. see. 8. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



7. Yield Point. The yield point shall be determined by the 
drop of the beam of the testing machine. 

8. Modifications in Elongation. (a) For plates Over '' i inch in 
thickness, a deduction of 0.5 from the specified percentage of 
elongation will be allowed for each increase of * , inch in thickness 
above % inch, to a minimum of 20 per cent. 

(b) For plates under % 6 inch in thickness, a deduction of 2.5 
from the percentage of elongation specified in sec. G shall be made 
for each decrease of Vie inch in thickness below %e inch. 

9. Bend Tests, (a) Cold-bend tests shall be made on the 
material as rolled. 

(6) Quench-bend-test specimens, before bending, shall be heated 
to a light cherry red as seen in the dark (about 1200° F.) and 
quenched in water the temperature of which is about SO F. 

(c) Specimens for cold-bend and quench-bend tests of flange 
and firebox steel shall bend through ISO degrees without fracture 
on the outside of the bent portion, as follows: For material :; [ 
inch and under in thickness, flat on themselves; for material over 
% inch up to 134 inches in thickness, around a pin the diameter of 
which is equal to the thickness of the specimen; and for material 
over 134 inches in thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is 
equal to 1^ times the thickness of the specimen. 

(d) Specimens for cold-bend and quench-bend tests of boiler 
rivet steel shall bend cold through 180 degrees flat on themselves 
without fracture on the outside of the bent portion. 

(e) Bend tests may be made by pressure or by blows. 

10. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens for 
plates shall be taken from the finished product, and shall be of 
the full thickness of material as rolled. Tension-test specimens 
shall be of the form and dimensions shown in fig. 1. Bend-test 
specimens shall be 13^ inches to 23-2 inches wide, and shall have 
the sheared edges milled or planed. 

(b) The tension-and bend-test specimens for rivet bars shall lie 
of the full-size section of material as rolled. 

11. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-, one eold-bend-and one 
quench-bend test shall be made from each plate as rolled. 

(6) Two tension-, two cold-bend-, and two quench-bend tests 
shall be made for each melt of rivet steel. 

(c) If any test specimen develops flaws, or if a tension-test 
specimen breaks outside the middle third of the gage length, i 
may be discarded and another specimen substituted therefor. 



A. A. S. M— BOILER STEEL 



IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND GAGE 

12. Permissible Variations, (a) The thickness or weight of each 
sheared plate shall conform to the schedule of permissible variations, 
Manufacturers' Standard Practice, appended to these specifications. 

(6) The dimensions of rivet bars shall conform to the Manu- 
facturers' Standard Practice governing allowable variations in the 
size of hot-rolled bars. 

V. FINISH 

13. Finish. The finished material shall be free from injurious 
defects, and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

VI. MARKING 

14. Marking. The melt or slab number, name of the manu- 
facturer, grade and the minimum tensile strength for its grade as 
specified in sec. 6 shall be legibly stamped on each plate. The 
melt or slab number shall be legibly stamped on each test specimen 
representing that melt or slab. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

15. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in 
accordance_with these specifications. All tests and inspection shall 
be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, and shall 
be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation 
of the works. 

16. Rejection. Material which, subsequent to the above tests 
at the mills and its acceptance there, develops weak spots, brittle- 
ness, cracks or other imperfections, or is found to have injurious 
defects, may be rejected at the shop, and shall then be replaced by 
the manufacturer at his own cost. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



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A. A. S. M.— VARIATIONS OF SHEARED PLATES 



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CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



MANUFACTURERS' STANDARD PRACTICE 

ALLOWABLE VARIATIONS IN THE SIZE AND WEIGHT OF HOT-ROLLED BARS 

Adopted 1910 

I. ALLOWABLE VARIATIONS IN THE WEIGHT OF BAR SIZES OF 
ANGLES, TEES, ZEES AND CHANNELS 

For bar sizes of angles, tees, zees and channels, the following 
average variations in weight will be permitted for sections of the 
various dimensions and thicknesses stated, namely: 



Dimensions 



Thickness 



Variation in Weight 
Over and Under 



Any dimension over 1 M inch . . . 
All dimensions 1 y 2 inch and less . 
Any dimension over 1 Y 2 inch . . . 
All dimensions \\< 2 inch and less. 



Over s /io inch 

Over %a inch 

;i io inch and less 

^iu inch and less 



4 per cent 

G " 



Note. — A channel is in "bar" size when its greatest dimension 
is less than 3 inches. An angle, tee or zee is in "bar" size when its 
greatest dimension is less than 3 inches; or when it is 3 inches or 
more and at the same time the thickness is less than \i inch. 



II. ALLOWABLE VARIATIONS IN THE SIZE OF HOT-ROLLED BARS 



Rounds, Squares, Hi 



x \ i ; < i x s 





Variation in 


S'ze, Inches 




Under 


Over 


Up to and including % inch . . . 


.007 


.007 


Over Yi in. up to and including 1 inch . . . 


.010 


.010 


Over 1 in. up to and including 2 inches . 


Vw 


V>2 


Over 2 in. up to and including 3 inches . 


VS2 


"v.. 


Over 3 in. up to and including 5 inches . 


Vs-2 


"::j 


Over 5 in. up to and including 8 inches . 


Vl6 


y 8 





Variation in 
Width, 


Variation in Thickness, Inches 
Under and Over 




Inches 


Thickness of Flats 




Under 


Over 


«io in. Over ;i i, ; Over 
and in. up to ' •_> in. 
under J 2 in. up to 1 in 


Ovat 

1 in. up 
to 2 in. 


Up to and including 1 in. 
Over 1 in. up to and including 2 in. 
Over 2 in. up to and including 4 in. 
Over 4 in. up to and including 6 in. 


Mm 
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A. A. S. M— STANDARD PRACTICE 



MANUFACTURERS' STANDARD PRACTICE 

STANDARD METHODS OF SAMPLING FOR CHECK ANALYSIS 

ADOPTED 1912 

INTRODUCTION 

It is a recognized fact that the different parts of a piece of steel 
are liable to vary in composition. This variation occurs principally 
between the center and the outside, and to a slighter extent is 
dependent upon the position of the piece in the ingot, and the size 
of the ingot. 

Where a sufficient number of check analyses have been made 
from drillings properly taken at different points in the heat to 
represent it fairly, their average has been found to compare favor- 
ably with the ladle analysis, which is the analysis of a small test 
ingot taken at any time during the pouring of the heat. 

From this it is evident: 

1. That the ladle analysis is more representative of the composi- 
tion than any single analysis of the finished material. 

2. That drillings for check analysis, to be fairly representative, 
should be taken at a point intermediate between the outside and 
the center of the cross section. 

3. That a sufficient number of check analyses of different pieces 
should be made to afford a fair average to compare with the ladle 
analysis. - 



I. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN THE SAMPLING 
OP MATERIAL FOR CHECK ANALYSIS 

(a) Each heat in a lot shall be considered separately, and pieces 
for sampling shall be taken to represent the heat as fairly as possible. 

(b) Samples must be drillings or chips cut by some machine 
tool without the application of water, oil or other lubricant and shall 
be free from scale, grease, dirt or other foreign substance. If 
samples are taken by drilling, the size of the drill shall be not less 
than Yi inch nor more than % inch in diameter. 

(c) Samples must be uniformly fine and each must be carefully 
mixed before analysis. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



(d) In referring samples to the manufacturer or other analysts 
for check analysis, a piece of the full-size section, when possible, 
should be submitted rather than cuttings, unless the latter are 
specially requested. 

(e) Where material has been subjected to heat treatment other 
than annealing or simple cooling, subsequent to its manufacture, 
it should be annealed before sampling. 

(/) Check analyses are not representative of the original 
material when its composition has been altered in any way by some 
operation such as casehardening, overheating, etc. 

II. METHODS OP OBTAINING SAMPLES FOR CHECK ANALYSIS 

Material has been divided into the following classes, depending 
upon the manner of sampling: 

i. Material Subject to Physical Requirements: 

Samples for check analysis shall be taken from a test specimen. 
Where it is required to make additional check analyses, samples 
shall be taken as indicated under u. 

ii. Material Not Subject to Physical Requirements: 

(a) Special cast, rolled or forged, semi-finished or finished material of large size, such as 
Ingots, Blooms, Billets, Slabs, Rounds, Shapes, etc., subject to acceptance on check analysis. 

Samples shall be taken at any point midway between the outside 
and the center by drilling parallel to the axis. In cases where this 
method is not practicable, a piece may be drilled on the side, but 
drillings shall not be taken until they represent the portion midway 
between the outside and the center. See fig. 1. 





Figure 1. 



A. A. S. M.— STANDARD PRACTICE 



(b) Small or thin material, such as Plates, Shapes, Bars, etc., subject to acceptance on 
check analysis. 

Material for which the previous method is not applicable shall 
have samples for analysis taken entirely through the material at a 
point midway between the outside and the center, or by machining 
off the entire cross section. 

(c) Commercial material subject to acceptance on ladle analysis. 

The methods described under u (a) and (b) shall apply, except 
that samples shall be taken at any point one-third of the distance 
from the outside to the center. 

III. METHODS OF ANALYSIS 

Analyses shall be made by well-known accurate methods. 
Carbon shall be determined by the combustion method. 



IV. REJECTION OP MATERIAL ON CHECK ANALYSIS 

Any rejection of material ordered to a specific chemical range 
shall be based on the following: 

(a) The minimum number of samples to be taken from a heat 
before rejection by the purchaser shall be as follows: 

Weight in Gross Tons Minimum Number of Samples 

5 or less 3 

10 or less but over 5 4 

15 or less but over 10 5 

over 15 6 

In case the number of pieces in a heat is less than the number of 
samples given, one sample from each piece shall be considered 
sufficient. 

(&) Separate determinations shall be made on each sample and 
the results averaged, unless they clearly indicate mixed grades. 



AMERICAN SOCIETY 

FOR 
TESTING MATERIALS 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association fok Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BRIDGES 

Serial Designation: A7-16. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 7 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1905, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916. 



1. steel Castings. The Standard Specifications for Steel Castings 
(Serial Designation A-27) adopted by the American Society for 
Testing Materials shall govern the purchase of steel castings for 
bridges. Unless otherwise specified, Class B castings, medium 
grade, shall be used. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

STKtcTun.vL Steel Rivet Steel 

" Acid not over 0.0G per cent not over 0.04 per cent 

Phosphorus ^ . 

.Basic " " C.04 0.04 " " 

Sulphur " " 0.05 .045" 



22 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BRIDGES 



4. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, 
manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. This analysis shall be made 
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 3. 

5. Check Analyses. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from 
finished material representing each melt. The phosphorus and 
sulphur content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in 
sec. 3 by more than 25 per cent. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

6. Tension Tests, (a) The material shall conform to the follow- 
ing requirements as to tensile properties: 



Properties Considered 



Structural 
Steel 



Rivet 
Steel 



Tensile strength lb. per sq. inch 

Yield point, min lb. per sq. inch 

Elongation in 8 inches, min per cent 

Elongation in 2 inches, min per cent 



55,000-65,000a 

0.5 tens. str. 

1,500,0006 

tens. str. 

22 



0.5 tens. str. 
1,500,000 



ipar. (fe). 



= .7. 



(b) In order to meet the required minimum tensile strength of 
full-size annealed eye bars, the purchaser may determine the tensile 
strength to be obtained in specimen tests, the range shall not 
exceed 14,000 lb. per sq. inch and the maximum shall not exceed 
74,000 lb. per sq. inch. The material shall conform to the 
requirements as to physical properties other than that of tensile 
strength, specified in sec. 6, 7 and S (6). 

(c) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 

7. Modifications in Elongation, (a) For structural steel over ^i 
inch in thickness, a deduction of 1 from the percentage of elongation 
in 8 inches specified in sec. 6 (a) shall be made for each increase 
of Y% inch in thickness above % inch to a minimum of 18 per cent. 

(b) For structural steel under %6 inch in thickness, a deduc- 
tion of 2.5 from the percentage of elongation in 8 inches specified 
in sec. 6 (a) shall be made for each decrease of Vie inch in thickness 
below 5 Ae inch. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



8. Bend Tests, (a) The test specimen for plates, shapes and 
bars, except as specified in par. (£>), (c) and (d), shall bend cold 
through ISO degrees without cracking on the outside of the bent 
portion, as follows: For material % inch or under in thickness, flat 
on itself; for material over % inch to and including \\± inch in 
thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the 
thickness of the specimen; and for material over \\i inch in thickness, 
around a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the thickness of 
the specimen. 

(b) The test specimen for eye-bar flats shall bend cold through 
ISO degrees without cracking on the outside of the bent portion 
as follows: For material % inch or under in thickness, around a 
pin the diameter of which is equal to the thickness of the specimen; 
for material over % inch to and including \\i inch in thickness, 
around a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the thickness 
of the specimen; and for material over 1J4 inch in thickness, 
around a pin the diameter of which is equal to three times the 
thickness of the specimen. 



3 



-About 3 



..Parallel section not less than 9 " 



l'j 



-^.i.'4L-i'i'Etc. 
About 13" 



Figure 1. 



(c) The test specimen for pins, rollers and other bars, when 
prepared as specified in sec. 9 (e), shall bend cold through ISO 
degrees around a 1-inch pin without cracking on the outside of the 
bent portion. 

id) The test specimen for rivet steel shall bend cold through 
180 degrees flat on itself without cracking on the outside of the 
bent portion. 

9. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens shall 
be taken from rolled steel in the condition in which it comes from 
the rolls, except as specified in par. (b). 

(b) Tension-and bend-test specimens for pins and rollers shall 
be taken from the finished bars, after annealing when annealing 
is specified. 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BRIDGES 



(c) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates, shapes and 
bars, except as specified in par. (d), (e) and (/), shall be of the full 
thickness of material as rolled. They may be machined to the 
form and dimensions shown in fig. 1, or with both edges parallel; 
except that bend-test specimens for eye-bar flats may have three 
rolled sides. 





f 2Vi- 


— .—>, 




^-'. Radius not less than % 




' ) |p 






• °-p°" i F 


T 




: i m \ 






r i 






i^ 2" Gage length-- 

NOTE: — The gage length, parallel portions and fillets shall he as shown, but 
the ends may be of any form which will fit the holders of the 
testing machine. 

Figure 2. 

(d) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates, and tension- 
test specimens for eye-bar flats, over 1 H inch in thickness may be 
machined to a thickness or diameter of at least % inch for a length 
of at least 9 inches. 

(e) Tension-test specimens for pins, rollers and bars (except 
eye-bar flats) over 13^ inch in thickness or diameter may conform 
to the dimensions shown in fig. 2. In this case the ends shall be 
of a form to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way 
that the load shall be axial. Bend-test specimens may be 1 by 
Yz inch in section. The axis of the specimen shall be located at 
any point midway between the center and surface and shall be 
paralleKo the axis of the bar. 

(/) Tension-and bend-test specimens for rivet steel shall be of 
the full-size section of bars as rolled. 

10. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-and one bend test shall 
be made from each melt; except that if material from one melt 
differs M inch or more in thickness, one tension-and one bend test 
shall be made from both the thickest and the thinnest material 
rolled. 

(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 6 (a) and any part of the fracture 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



is more than % inch from the center of the gage length of a 2-inch 
specimen or is outside the middle third of the gage length of an 
8-inch specimen, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the 
specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed. 

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS. 

11. Permissible Variations. The cross-section or weight of each 
piece of steel shall not vary more than 2.5 per cent from that 
specified; except in the case of sheared plates, which shall be covered 
by the following permissible variations. One cubic inch of rolled 
steel is assumed to weigh 0.2S33 pounds. 

(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot : — 
The weight of each lot 1 in each shipment shall not vary from the 
weight ordered more than the amount given in Table I. 

TABLE I.— PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO WEIGHT 











Permissible Variations in 


Average Weights 










per Square Foot of Plates for \\ idths Given, 






Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights 




Ordered 
















Weight, 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. ! 108 in. 120 in. 




Pounds 


Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to to I to 


132 in. 


per 


48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


£6 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 132 in. 


or 


Square Foot 




excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


over 




1 
O 


53 

3 


> 
O 


|3 


1 


i 

f3 


1 




83 
> 

O 


is 

2 


63 
6 


2 


f 


t 
_ 


1 


63 

- 


I 


1 




5 

4 r. 


3 
3 


5.5 


3 
3 


6 

5 r, 


3 

3 


7 
6 


3 
3 












































7.5 to 10 


4 
3.5 


3 

2.5 


4.5 
4 


3 
3 


4.5 


I 


r,.r, 


3 
3 


6 


3 
3 


7 
<>• 


3 
3 


8 

7 


3 

3 










10 to 12.5 " 


H 


3 


'.' 


3 


12.5 to 15 


3 


2.5 


.•{.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


3 


* 


3 


15 to 17.5 " 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


3 


17.5 to 20 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3 5 


2.54 


3 


4 5 


H 


5 


3 


5,5 


B 


ft 


3 


20 to 25 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


25 to 30 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.53 


2.5 3.5 


i 


4 


3 14.5 


3 


5 


:< 


30 to 40 


2 


■> 


2 




2 


2 


2 5 


2 2.5 


2.5 3 


2.5 3. 5 


3 4 


3 


4 ." 


3 


40 or over 


2 


2 


- 




2 


- 


- 


2 2.5 


2 2.5 


2.5 3 


2 . 5 3 . 5 


3 


4 


•'< 



Note. — The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight 
by more than lYs times the amount given in this table. 

(b) When Ordered to Thickness : — 

The thickness of each plate shall not vary more than 0.01 inch 

under that ordered. 

The overweight of each lot 2 in each shipment shall not exceed the 

amount given in Table II. 



^The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and group weight. 
rThe term "lot" applied to Table II means all of the plates of each group width and group thickness. 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BRIDGES 



TABLE II 


—PERMISSIBLE 


OVERWEIGHTS 


OF PLATES 




ORDERED TO THICKNESS 








Permissible Excess in Average Weights 
per Square Foot op Plates for Widths Given, 
Expressed in Percentages op Nominal Weights 




Ordered 








Thickness, 




















Irishes 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 






Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 






48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


or 






exel. 


exel. 


exel. 


exel. 


exel. 


exel. 


exel. 


over 


Under V s ...... . 


9 


10 


12 


14 












Vs to 3 /ioexcl. . . . 


8 


9 


10 


12 












s Ao to a " .... 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 










M to % " • • ■ ■ 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


16 


19 


5 /iato V s " ... . 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


17 


Vs to n " . . . . 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


15 


'/ieto K " ... . 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


13 


K to y % " .... 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


11 


% to M "."... 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


M to 1 " 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


1 or over 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 



V. FINISH 

12. Finish. The finished material shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 



VI. MARKING 

13. Marking. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the 
melt number shall be legibly stamped or rolled on all finished 
material, except that rivet and lattice bars and other small sections 
shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly separated and marked 
for identification. The identification marks shall be legibly stamped 
on the end of each pin and roller. The melt number shall be 
legibly marked, by stamping, if practicable, on each test specimen. 



VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

14. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in 
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check 

27 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture 
prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so con- 
ducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the 
works. 

15. Rejection, (o) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 5 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(6) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to its 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

16. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 5, which 
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks from 
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the 
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a re- 
hearing within that time. 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BUILDINGS 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BUILDINGS 

Serial Designation: A9-16. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 9 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1916. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process, (a) Structural steel, except as noted in par. (b), 
may be made by the bessemer-or the open-hearth process. 

(b) "Rivet steel, and steel for plates or angles over % inch in 
thickness which are to be punched, shall be made by the open- 
hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

2. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Structural Steel Rivet Steel 

„, , (Bessemer. . . not over 0.10 per cent 

Phosphorus i 

LOpen-hearth " " 0.06 " " not over 0.06 per cent 

Sulpluir 0.045 " " 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



3. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, 
manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. This analysis shall be made 
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 2. 

4. Check Analyses. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from 
finished material representing each melt. The phosphorus and 
sulphur content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in 
sec. 2 by more than 25 per cent. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

5. Tension Tests, (a) The material shall conform to the 
following requirements as to tensile properties: 



Properties Considered 


Structural Steel 


Rivet Steel 


Tensile strength lb. per sq. inch 

Yield point, min lb. per sq. inch 

Elongation in 8 inches, min per cent 

Elongation in 2 inches, min per cent 


55,000-65,000 

0.5 tens. str. 

1,400,000a 

tens. str. 

22 


46,000-50,000 

0.5 tens. str. 
1,400,000 
tens. str.. 



a See sec. 6. 

(6) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 

C. Modifications in Elongation, (a) For structural steel over % 
inch in thickness, a deduction of 1 from the percentage of elongation 
in 8 inches specified in sec. 5 (a) shall be made for each increase 
of Y% inch in thickness above % inch to a minimum of 18 per cent. 

(6) For structural steel under 5 Ae inch in thickness, a deduction 
of 2.5 from the percentage of elongation in S inches specified in 
sec. 5 (a) shall be made for each decrease of %.e inch in thickness 
below %6 inch. 

7. Bend Tests, (a) The test specimen for plates, shapes and 
bars, except as specified in par. (b) and (c), shall bend cold through 
ISO degrees without cracking on the outside of the bent portion, 
as follows: For material % inch or under in thickness, flat on 
itself; for material over % inch to and including 1}± inch in thick- 
ness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the thickness 
of the specimen; and for material over 1}4 inch in thickness, around 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BUILDINGS 



a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the thickness of the 
specimen. 

(6) The test specimen for pins, rollers and other bars, when 
prepared as specified in sec. 8 (e), shall bend cold through ISO 
degrees around a 1-inch pin without cracking on the outside of the 
bent portion. 

(c) The test specimen for rivet steel shall bend cold through 
180 degrees flat on itself without cracking on the outside of the 
bent portion. 

8. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens shall 
be taken from rolled steel in the condition in which it comes from 
the rolls, except as specified in par. (6). 

(6) Tension-and bend-test specimens for pins and rollers shall 
be taken from the finished bars, after annealing when annealing 
is specified. 



-About 3--*. J/ r P§?5»eI_sectionnptJess.thM ?"_^ <-Afcout-3^ 



♦ * ♦ 



Tf 



-r'J^-l^L-l-'i'Etc. 



About 18" •* 

Figure 1. 

(c) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates, shapes and 
bars, except as specified in par. (d), (e) and (/), shall be of the full 
thickness of material as rolled; and may be machined to the form 
and dimensions shown in fig. 1, or with both edges parallel. 

(d) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates over 13^ inch 
in thickness may be machined to a thickness or diameter of at least 
% inch for a length of at least 9 inches. 

(e) Tension-test specimens for pins, rollers and bars over 1^ 
inch in thickness or diameter may conform to the dimensions 
shown in fig. 2. In this case the ends shall be of a form to fit the 
holders of the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be 
axial. Bend-test specimens may be 1 by Y^ inch in section. The 
axis of the specimens shall be located at any point midway between 
the center and surface and shall be parallel to the axis of the bar. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



(J) Tension-and bend-test specimens for rivet steel shall be 
of the full-size section of bars as rolled. 

9. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-and one bend test shall be 
made from each melt; except that if material from one melt differs 
^8 inch or more in thickness, one tension-and one bend test shall be 
made from both the thickest and the thinnest material rolled. 

(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 5 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is more than % inch from the center of the gage length of a 2-inch 
specimen or is outside the middle third of the gage length of an 
8-inch specimen, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the 
specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed. 





K- 2K— — > 






^-' Radius not less than Va ! J 




j f ' h f | 






1^ z" Gage length >! 





NOTE: — The gage length, parallel portions and fillets shall be as shown, but 
the ends may be of any form which will fit the holders of the 
testing machine. 

Figure 2. 



IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS 

10. Permissible Variations. The cross-section or weight of each 
piece of steel shall not vary more than 2.5 per cent from that 
specified; except in the case of sheared plates, which shall be covered 
by the following permissible variations. One cubic inch of rolled 
steel is assumed to weigh 0.2833 pound. 

(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot : — 

The weight of each lot 1 in each shipment shall not vary from the 
weight ordered more than the amount given in Table I. 

iThe term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and group weight. 

32 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BUILDINGS 



TABLE I, 



-PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO WEIGHT 





Permissible Variations in Average Weights 




per Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given, 




Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights 


Ordered 




















Weight, 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


Pounds 


Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


per 


48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


or 


Square Foot 




excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 




, 


SI 


T> 


Si 


T1 


SI 


S3 


Si 


T) 


S3 


S3 


t, 


S3 


n 


S3 


n 


1 
P 


n 


S3 




o 


P 


O 


P 


O 


P 


o 


P 


<5 


£ 


6 


t= 


o 


P 


o 


6 


P 


Under 5 


5 


3 


5 5 


3 


R 


3 


7 


3 
























4.5 

4 


3 
3 


5 

4 5 


3 
3 


5.5 
5 


3 
3 


6 


3 
3 






















7.5 to 10 


6 


3 


7 


3 


8 


3 










10 to 12.5 " 


3.5 


2.r. 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


e> 


3 


7 


3 


8 


3 


9 


3 


12.5 to 15 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4 5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


6 


-s 


7 


3 


8 


3 


15 to 17.5 " 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.53 


6 


3 


7 


3 


17.5 to 20 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


-s 


5.53 


6 


3 


20 to 25 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.., 


3 


2... 


3.5 


2..-, 


4 


3 


4.5 


-5 


5 


3 


5.53 


25 to 30 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


3 


4 


3 


4.53 


5 


3 


30 to 40 


2 


2 


2 


a 


2 


2 


:.: 5 


2 


2 5 


2,5 


3 


> 5 


3.5 


-5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


40 or over 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


3 


4 


3 



Note.— The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight 
by more than V/s times the amount given in this table. 

(b) When Ordered to Thickness: — 

The thickness of each plate shall not vary more than 0.01 inch 

under that ordered. 
The overweight of each lot 2 in each shipment shall not exceed 
the amount given in Table II. 



TABLE II, 



-PERMISSIBLE OVERWEIGHTS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO THICKNESS 







Permissible Excess in Average Weights 








per 


Njl AUK 


Foot of Plates 


for Widths Given, 








Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights 




Ordered 














Thickness, 




















Inches 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in 




Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


or 






excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 




Under H 


9 


10 


12 


14 












Vs to 3,4a excl 


8 


9 


10 


12 












sAeto M " .... 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 










M to 5Ao " .... 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


16 


19 


%8t0 ^ " 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


17 


Z A tO Vio " 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


15 


%eto y 2 "...'. 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


13 


MtoM " ■ • • • 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


11 


^toM " ..'■• 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


. 8 


9 


M to 1 " . . . . 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


' 8 


1 or over 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 



2 The term "lot" applied to Table II means all of the plates of each group width and group thickness. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



V. FINISH 

11. Finish. The finished material shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

VI. MARKING 

12. Marking. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the 
melt number shall be legibly stamped or rolled on all finished 
material, except that rivet and lattice bars and other small sections 
shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly separated and marked 
for identification. The identification marks shall be legibly stamped 
on the end of each pin and roller. The melt number shall be 
legibly marked, by stamping, if practicable, on each test specimen. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

13. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished 
in accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check 
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture 
prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so 
conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of 
the works. 

14. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 4 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to its 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected and the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

15. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 4, which 
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks from 
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the 
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a re- 
hearing within that time. 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL NICKEL GTEEL 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA.j U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOB 

STRUCTURAL NICKEL STEEL 

Serial Designation: A8-16. 



The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 8 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1914 1913. 



I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

2. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
intended for- eye bars to secure freedom from injurious piping and 
undue segregation. 



II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 



Structural Steel 

Carbon not over 0.45 per cent 

Manganese " " 0.70 

ph OS phorusff id :: ;; °°f 

^ \Basic " " 0.04 

Sulphur " " 0.05 

Nickel not under 3.25 



35 



Rivet Steel 

not over 0.30 per cent 

0.60 " 

0.04 " 

0.03." 

" " 0.45 " 

not under 3.25 " 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



4. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements 
specified in sec. 3. This analysis shall be made from a test ingot 
taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or his representor 
tive, and shall conform to the requirements specified in sec. 3. 

5. Check Analyses. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from 
finished material representing each melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in sec. 3. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

6. Tension Tests, (a) The material shall conform to the 
following requirements as to tensile properties: 



Properties Considered 



Plates, Shapes 
and Bars 



Eye Bars and 

Rollers, c 

Unannealed 



Eye Bars, a a 

Pins.c 

Annealed 



Tensile strength, 
lb. per sq. inch 

Yield point, rain., 
, lb. per sq. inch 
Elongation in 

8 inches, 

min., per cent 
Elongation in 

2 inches, 

min., per cent 
Reduction of area 

min., per cent 



(0,000-80,000 
45,000 



S5,000-100,000 
50,000 



1,500.00 0ft 
tens. str. 



95,000-110,000 90,000-105,000 



55,000 

1.500,000 6 
tens. str. 

16 
25 



32,000 

20 

20 
35 



a Tests of annealed specimens of eye bars shall be made for information only. 

b See sec. 7. 

c Elongation shall be measure! in 2 inches. 

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the 'testing machine. 

7. Modifications in Elongations. For plates, shapes and unannealed 
bars over 1 inch in thickness, a deduction of 1 from the percentage 
of elongation specified in sec. 6 (a) shall be made for each increase 
of V& inch in thickness above 1 inch, to a minimum of 14 per cent. 

8. Character of Fracture. All broken tension-test specimens shall 
show either a silky or a very fine granular fracture, of uniform 
color, and free from coarse crystals. 

9. Bend Tests, (a) The test specimen for plates, shapes and 
bars shall bend cold through ISO degrees without cracking on the 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL NICKEL STEEL 



outside of the bent portion, as follows: For material % inch or 
under in thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to 
the thickness of the specimen; and for material over % inch in 
thiekness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the 
thickness of the specimen. 

(&) The test specimen for pins and rollers shall bend cold 
through 180 degrees around a 1-inch pin without cracking on the 
outside of the bent portion. 

(c) The test specimen for rivet steel shall bend cold through 
180 degrees flat on itself without cracking on the outside of the 
bent portion. 

10. Drift Tests. Punched rivet holes pitched two diameters 
from a planed edge shall stand drifting until the diameter is enlarged 
50 per cent, without cracking the metal. 

11. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens shall 
be taken from the finished material. Specimens for pins shall be 
taken after annealing. 



■About 3--*. "/ r<^-----~--------~- i§S?-*k?3 .? II* 



• * * 



~*^-l-'4L-i'4!Etc- 
About 18" 

Figure 1. 



(&) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates, shapes and 
bars, except as specified in par. (c), shall be of the full thickness 
of material as rolled. They may be machined to the form and 
dimensions shown in fig. 1, or with both edges parallel; except 
that bend-test specimens shall not be less than 2 inches in width, 
and that bend-test specimens for eye-bar flats may have three 
rolled sides. 

(c) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates and bars (except 
eye-bar flats) over l.J*j inch in thickness or diameter may be 
machined to a thickness or diameter of at least % inch for a length 
of at least 9 inches. 

(d) The axis of tension-and bend-test specimens for pins and 
rollers shall be 1 inch from the surface and parallel to the axis of 
the bar. Tension-test specimens shall conform to the dimensions 

37 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



shown in fig. 2. The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders of 
the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial. Bend- 
test specimens shall be 1 by ^ inch in section. 

(e) Tension-and bend-test specimens for rivet steel shall be of 
the full-size section of bars as rolled. 

12. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-and one bend test shall 
be made from each melt; except that if material from one melt 
differs % inch or more in thickness, one tension-and one bend test 
shall be made from both the thickest and the thinnest material 
rolled. 

(&) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 



^--Radius not le 


39 than Va 


j 


* 


) 




T 0.50 " 


A r 


T 


' v 


y \ 




r i 




"> 




!< 2 "Gage length > 

NOTE: — The gage length, parallel portions and fillets shall be as shown, but 
the ends may be of any form which will fit the holders of the 
testing machine. 

Figure 2. 

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 6 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is more than ?| i nc h from the center of the gage length of a 
2-inch specimen or is outside the middle third of the gage length 
of an 8-inch specimen, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on 
the specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed. 

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS 

13. Permissible Variations. The cross-section or weight of each 
piece of steel shall not vary more than 2.5 per cent from that 
specified; except in the case of sheared plates, which shall be 
covered by the following permissible variations. One cubic inch 
of rolled steel is assumed to weigh 0.2833 pound. 

(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: — ■ 

The weight of each lot 1 in each shipment shall not vary from the 
weight ordered more than the amount given in Table I. 



l The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and group weight. 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL NICKEL STEEL 



TABLE I, 



-PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS OP PLATES 
ORDERED TO WEIGHT 





Permissible Variations in Average Weights 




per Square Foot op Plates for Widths Given, 




Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights 


Ordered 




















Weight, 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 




Pound3 


Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 




per 


48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


or 


Square Foot 




excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


over 




ft 


ft 


n 


-i 


ft 


TJ 


„ 


S 


t, 


~- 


ft 


T> 


ft 


-S 


M 


ft 


ft 


ft 




o 


ft 


O 


ft 


6 


ft 


s 


£ 


5 


£ 


o 


ft 


o 


ft 


6 


ft 


6 


ft 


Under 5 


5 


3 


5 5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


3 
























4 5 


3 


5 


3 


5 5 


3 


R 


3 






















7.5 to 10 


4 


3 


4 5 


3 


5 


3 


5 5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


3 


S 


3 










10 to 12.5 " 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


3 


8 


3 


9 


3 


12.5 to 15 


3 


2.., 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


h 


3 


5.5 


3 


« 


3 


7 


3 


S 


-i 


15 to 17.5 " 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


4 


17.5 to 20 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


H 


-J 


20 to 25 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.o 


3 


2... 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


b 


3 


.'->.;> 


-t 


25 to 30 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


3 


4 


3 


4.53 


5 


3 


30 to 40 


2 


2 


'^ 


2 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


'.'..•> 


3 


2.5 


3.53 


4 


3 


4.53 


40 or over 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


^ 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


3 


4 


3 



Note.— The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight 
by more than 1% times the amount given in this table 

(b) When Ordered to Thickness: — 

The thickness of each plate shall not vary more than 0.01 inch 

under that ordered. 
The overweight of each lot 2 in each shipment shall not exceed the 

amount given in Table II. 

TABLE II.— PERMISSIBLE OVERWEIGHTS OP PLATES 
ORDERED TO THICKNESS 







Permissible Excess in Average Weights 








per Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given 




— 




Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights 




Ordered 








Thickness, 




















Inches 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 






Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 






48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 








excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


over 


Under y % 


9 


10 


12 


14 












M to s^e excl 


8 


9 


10 


12 












s/into H " .... 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 










H to <H„ " 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


ii 


16 


19 


B /io to V 8 " .... 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


17 


Vs to Vie " ... • 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


15 


7 /io to l A "..... 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


13 


y 2 to v % " .... 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


11 


b A to % " .... 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


H to 1 " 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


1 or over 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


2Theterm "lot "appli 


edtoTa 


blell m 


ans all o 


fthepla 


es of eac 


i group i 


vidth anc 


group t 


aickness. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



V. FINISH 

14. Finish The finished material shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 



VI. MARKING 

15. Marking. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the 
melt number shall be legibly stamped or rolled on all finished 
material, except that rivet and lattice bars and other small sections 
shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly separated and marked 
for identification. The identification marks shall be legibly 
stamped on the end of each pin and roller. The melt number 
shall be legibly marked, by stamping if practicable, on each test 
specimen. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

16. inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished 
in accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check 
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture 
prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so con- 
ducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the 
works. 

17. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 5 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(6) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to its 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

18. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 5, which 
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks from 
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the 
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a re- 
hearing within that time. 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL NICKEL STEEL 



VIII. FULL-SIZE TESTS 

19. Test of Eye Bars, (a) Full-size tests of annealed eye bars 
shall conform to the following requirements as to tensile properties: 

Tensile strength lb. per sq. inch 85,000-100,000 

Yield point, min lb. per sq. inch 48,000 

Elongation in 18 ft., min per cent 10 

Reduction of area, min per cent 30 

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the halt of the 
gage of the testing machine. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 
AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOB 

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR SHIPS 

Serial Designation: A12-16. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 12; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1916. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

2. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

TO , f Acid not over 0.0G per cent 

Phosphorus; 

LBasic " " 0.04 " " 

Sulphur " " 0.05 " " 

3. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, 
manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. This analysis shall be made 
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 2. 



42 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR SHIPS 



4. Check Analyses. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from 
finished material representing each melt. The phosphorus and 
sulphur content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in 
sec. 2. by more than 25 per cent. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

5. Tension Tests, (a) The material shall conform to the 
following requirements as to tensile properties: 

Tensile strength lb. per sq. inch 58,000-68,000 

Yield point, min lb. per sq. inch 0.5 tens. str. 

Elongation in 8 inches, min per cent 1,500,000 

See sec. 6. tens. str. 

(6) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 



Parallel section not less than 9" 



* * ♦ 



--^-l-'^-l'i-Etc 



-About 18 * 

Figure 1. 

6. Modifications in Elongation, (a) For material over % inch 
in thickness, a deduction of 1 from the percentage of elongation 
specified in sec. 5 (a) shall be made for each increase of Y% inch 
in thickness above % inch, to a minimum of 18 per cent. 

(b) For material Y inch or under in thickness, the elongation 
shall be measured on a gage length of 24 times the thickness of 
the specimen. 

7. Bend Tests. The test specimen shall bend cold through 180 
degrees without cracking on the outside of the bent portion, as 
follows: For material % inch or under in thickness, around a 
pin the diameter of which is equal to the thickness of the specimen; 
for material over % inch to and including \Y inch in thickness, 
around a pin the diameter of which is equal to 1 Yi times the thick- 
ness of the specimen; and for material over 1Y inch in thickness, 
around a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the thickness 
of the specimen. 

43 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



8. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens shall 
be taken from the finished rolled material, and shall not be annealed 
or otherwise treated, except as specified in par. (6). 

(b) Tension-and bend-test specimens for material which is 
to be annealed or otherwise treated before use, shall be cut from 
properly annealed or similarly treated short lengths of the full 
section of the piece. 

(c) Tension-and bend-test specimens, except as specified in 
par. (d), shall be of the full thickness of material as rolled; and 
may be machined to the form and dimensions shown in fig. 1, or 
with both edges parallel. 

(d) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates and bars over 
\^/2 inch in thickness or diameter may be machined to a thickness 
or diameter of at least % inch for a length of at least 9 inches. 

9. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-and one bend test shall 
be made from each melt; except that if material from one melt 
differs % inch or more in thickness, one tension-and one bend test 
shall be made from both the thickest and the thinnest material 
rolled. 

(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 5 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is outside the middle third of the gage length, as indicated by 
scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a ret est 
shall be allowed. 



IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS 

10. Permissible Variations. The cross-sect ion or weight of each 
piece of steel shall not vary more than 2.5 per cent from that, 
specified; except in the case of sheared plates, which shall be 
covered by the following permissible variations. One cubic inch 
of rolled steel is assumed to weigh 0.2S33 pound. 

(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: — 

The weight of each lot 1 in each shipment shall not vary from the 
weight ordered more than the amount given in Table I. 



^The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each croup width and group weight- 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR SHIPS 



TABLE I, 



-PEEMISSIBLE VARIATIONS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO WEIGHT 





Permissible Variations in Average Weights 






per Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given, 






Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights 




Ordered 




















Weight, 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


Pounds 


Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


per 


48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


or 


Square Foot _- 




excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 








n 




ti 








r - 












n 




fi 








h 


-=i 


SI 


-ii 


ft 


^ 


ft 


T-. 


ft 


~ 


ft 


-S 


£- 


— 


ft 


-- 


ft 


.§ 




















£ 






















o 


P 


o 


P 


o 


P 


o 


P 


P 


o 


p 


c 


i- 1 


o 


P 


6 


P 


Under 5 




3 


5 5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


3 


































3 




3 






















7.5 to 10 


4 


3 


4 5 


3 


5 


3 


5 5 


3 


R 


3 


7 


3 


8 


3 










10 to 12.5 " 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.r> 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


3 


8 


3 


9 


3 


12.5 to 15 


3 




3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.;» 


3 


ft 


3 


ft.5 


3 


ti 


3 


V 


3 


8 


3 


15 to 17.5 " 


2.5 2.5 


3 


2.5 


:-;..-> 


'' 5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


ft 


3 


ft.5 


3 


(i 


3 


7 


3 


17.5 to 20 


2.52 


:> 5 




3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


H 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


ft 


3 


20 to 25 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.r, 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.53 


ft 


3 


5.5 


3 


25 to 30 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


H 


2.5 


3.5 


3 


4 




4.5 


3 


5 


3 


30 to 40 


y>, 


L A 


% 


2 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2..) 


3.;» 




4 


3 


4.53 


40 or over 


2 


2 


2 


2 


- 


- 


2 


2 


2.5 


- 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.53 


4 


3 



Note.— The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight 
by more than V/s times the amount given in this table. 

(6) When Ordered to Thickness: — 

The thickness of each plate shall not vary more than 0.01 inch 

under that ordered. 
The overweight of each lot 2 in each shipment shall not exceed the 

amount given in Table II. 



TABLE II. 



-PERMISSIBLE OVERWEIGHTS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO THICKNESS 







Permissible Excess in Average Weights 








per Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given, 








Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights 




Ordered 










Thickness, 




















Inches 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 




Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


or 






excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 




Under V s 


9 


10 


12 


14 












Vs to %o excl . . . 


8 


9 


10 


12 












%cto M " ••• 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 










\i tO 5/16 "... 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


16 


19 


%6tO Vs " ... 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


17 


Vs to % 6 "... 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


15 


Via to y 2 "... 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


13 


Vz to Vs "... 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


11 


Vs to H "... 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


M to 1 "... 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


1 or over 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 



2 The term "lot" applied to Table II means all of the plates of each group width and group 



thickness. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



V. FINISH 

11. Finish. The finished material shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 



VI. MARKING 

12. Marking. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the 
melt number shall be legibly rolled or stamped on all finished 
material. The melt number shall be legibly stamped on each test 
specimen. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

13. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in 
accordance with these specifications. . All tests (except check 
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture 
prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so con- 
ducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the 
works. 

14. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 4 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to its 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

15. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 4, which 
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks from 
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the 
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a re- 
hearing within that time 



A. S. T. M.— RIVET STEEL FOR SHIPS 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

RIVET STEEL FOR SHIPS 

Serial Designation: A13-14. 

The specifications for this material are issued Tinder the fixed designa- 
tion A 13; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1913, 1914. 

A. Requirements for Rolled Bars. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

2. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the follow- 
ing requirements as to chemical composition: 

TO , f Acid not over 0.06 per cent 

Phosphorus^ _ . 

(.Basic " " 0.04 " 

Sulphur " " 0.045 " " 

3. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, 
manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. This analysis shall be made 
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 

47 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 2. 

4. Check Analyses. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from 
finished bars representing each melt. The phosphorus and sulphur 
content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in sec. 2 by 
more than 25 per cent. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

5. Tension Tests, (a) The bars shall conform to the following 
requirements as to tensile properties: 

Tensile strength lb. per sq. inch 55,000-65,000 

Yield point, min lb. per sq. inch 0.5 tens. str. 



Elongation in 8 inches, min per cent 

See sec. 6. 



1,500,000 

"tens. str. 



(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 

6. Modifications in Elongation. For bars over % inch in diameter, 
a deduction of 1 from the percentage of elongation specified in 
sec. 5 (a) shall be made for each increase of Y% inch in diameter 
above % inch. 

7. BendTests. The test specimen shall bend cold through ISO 
degrees flat on itself without cracking on the outside of the bent 
portion. 

8. Test Specimens. Tension-and bend-test specimens shall be of 
the full-size section of bars as rolled. 

9. Number of Tests, (o) Two tension-and two bend tests shall 
be made from each melt, each of which shall conform to the require- 
ments specified; except that if bars from one melt differ ?g inch or 
more in diameter, one tension-and one bend test shall be made from 
both the greatest and the least diameters rolled. 

(6) If any test specimen develops flaws, it may be discarded 
and another specimen substituted. 

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 5 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is outside the middle third of the gage length, as indicated by 
scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a retest 
shall be allowed. 



A. S. T. M.— RIVET STEEL FOR SHIPS 



IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN GAGE 

10. Permissible Variations. The gage of bars 1 inch or under in 
diameter shall not vary more than 0.01 inch from that specified; 
the gage bars over 1 inch to and including 2 inches in diameter 
shall not vary more than %4 inch under nor more than %2 inch over 
that specified. 

V. FINISH 

11. Finish. The finished bars shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 



VI. MARKING 

12. Marking. Rivet bars shall, when loaded for shipment, be 
properly separated and marked with the name or brand of the 
manufacturer and the melt number for identification. The melt 
number shall be legibly marked on each test specimen. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

13. inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the bars ordered. The 
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the bars are being furnished in accord- 
ance with these specifications. All tests (except check analyses) 
and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to 
shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted 
as not tolnterfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

14. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 4 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(6) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

15. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 4, which 
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two weeks from the 
date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results 
of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing 
within that time. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



B. Requirements for Rivets. 



I. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

16. Test Certificate of Rolled Bars. A copy of the results of tension 
tests of the rolled bars from which the rivets were made shall be 
furnished for each lot of rivets. 

17. Tension Tests. If the test certificate required in sec. 16 can- 
not be furnished, the rivets shall conform to the requirements as 
to tensile properties specified in sees. 5 and 6, except that the 
elongation shall be measured on a gage length as great as the 
length of the rivets tested will permit. 

18. Bend Tests. The rivet shank shall bend cold through 180 
degrees flat on itself, as shown in fig. 1, without cracking on the 
outside of the bent portion. 




Figure 1. Figure 2. 

19. Flattening Tests. The rivet head shall flatten, while hot, to a 
diameter IY2 times the diameter of the shank, as shown in fig. 2, 
without cracking at the edges. 

20. Number of Tests, (a) When required in accordance with 
sec. 17, one tension test shall be made from each size in each lot 
of rivets offered for inspection. 

(6) Three bend-and three flattening tests shall be made from 
each size in each lot of rivets offered for inspection, each of which 
shall conform to the requirements specified. 

II. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 

21. Workmanship. The rivets shall be true to form, concentric, 
and shall be made in a workmanlike manner. 

22. Finish. The finished rivets shall be free from injurious 
defects. 

£0 



A. S. T. M.— RIVET STEEL FOR SHIPS 



III. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

23. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the rivets ordered. The 
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the rivets are being furnished in accord- 
ance with these specifications. All tests and inspection shall be 
made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless other- 
wise specified, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unneces- 
sarily with the operation of the works. 

24. Rejection. Rivets which show injurious defects subsequent 
to their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, 
and the manufacturer shall be notified. 



51 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 



FOR 



STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR CARS 

Serial Designation: All-16. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 11; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1914; Revised, 191G. 

1. Basis of Purchase. These specifications apply to shapes, plates 
and bars over J § inch in thickness. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Structural Steel and 
Plates for Cold Pressing Rivet Steel 

fAcid not over 0.06 per cent not over 0.04 per cent 

Phosphorus i , , 

\Basic " " 0.04 " " " " 0.04 " 

Sulphur " " 0.05 " " " " 0.045" 



52 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR CARS 



4. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, 
manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. This analysis shall be made 
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 3. 

5. Check Analyses. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from 
finished material representing each melt. The phosphorus and 
sulphur content thus determined shall not exceed that specified in 
sec. 3 by more than 25 per cent. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

6. Tension Tests, (a) The material shall conform to the 
following requirements as to tensile properties: 


Properties Considered 


Structural 
Steel 


Rivet 
Steel 


Plates for 
Cold Pressing 


Tensile strength . . . .lb. per sq. inch 
Yield point, min . . .lb. per sq. inch 
Elongation in 8 in., min., per cent 1 


50,000-65,000 

0.5 tens. str. 
1,500,000 
tens. str. 


45,000-60,000 

0.5 tens. str. 
1,500.000 
tens. str. 


48,000-58,000 

0.5 tens. str. 
1,500,000 
tens. str. 


1 See see. 7. 

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 

7. Modifications in Elongation, (a) For material over % /i inch 
in thickness, a deduction of 1 from the percentage of elongation 
specified in sec. 6 (a) shall be made for each increase of 3^ inch in 
thickness above z /l inch, to a minimum of 18 per cent. 

(b) For material under %6 inch in thickness, a deduction of 
2.5 from the percentage of elongation in S inche's specified in sec. 
6 (a) shall be made for each decrease of %6 inch in thickness below 
5 /iq inch. 

8. Bend Tests, (a) The test specimen for structural steel shall 
bend cold through 180 degrees without cracking on the outside of the 
bent portion, as follows: For material % inch or under in thickness, 
flat on itself; for material over % inch to and including 1 }-i inch in 
thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the 
thickness of the specimen; and for material over 1}<£ inch in thick- 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



ness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the 
thickness of the specimen. 

(b) The test specimen for rivet steel and plates for cold 
pressing shall bend cold through ISO degrees flat on itself without 
cracking on the outside of the bent portion. 

9. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens shall 
be taken from the finished rolled material. 

(&) Tension-and bend-test specimens, except as specified in 
par. (c), shall be of the full thickness of material as rolled; and 
may be machined to the form and dimensions shown in fig. 1, or 
with both edges parallel. 

(c) Tension-and bend-test specimens for plates and bars over 
13-i inch in thickness or diameter may be machined to a thickness 
or diameter of at least % inch for a length of at least 9 inches. 

10. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-and one bend test shall 
be made from each melt; except that if material from one melt 
differs % inch or more in thickness, one tension-and one bend test 
shall be made from both the thickest and the thinnest material 
rolled. Shapes less than 1 sq. inch in section, and bars, except 
rivet rods, less than }4. sq. inch in section, need not be subjected 
to a tension test. 



3 

■About 3"- */ r ParalLeJ.section.not Jess than _9_"_^ ^About-3^, 



• * t> • • a s ': o o 



-^-1—1-- Etc. 
About 18"- 



FlGXJRE 1. 



(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 6 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is outside the middle third of the gage length, aa indicated by 
scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a ret est 
shall be allowed. 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR CARS 

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS. 

11. Permissible Variations. The cross-section or weight of each 
piece of steel shall not vary more than 2.5 per cent from that 
specified; except in the case of sheared plates, which shall be 
covered by the following permissible variations. One cubic inch 
of rolled steel is assumed to weigh 0.2833 pound. 

(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot : — 

The weight of each lot 1 in each shipment shall not vary from the 
weight ordered more than the amount given in Table I. 



TABLE I.— PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO WEIGHT 











Permissible Variations in Average Weights 










per Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given, 




Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights 


Ordered 




















Weight, 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


Pounds 


Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


or 


per 


48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 




Square Foot 




excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 






I 


-1 
P 


> 
o 


1 

P 


6 


S3 

P 


O 


P 


I 


p 


1 


p 


> 
O 


1 
P 


1 

o 


-3 
P 


O 


S3, 

■a 
p 




5 

4.5 
4 


3 
3 
3 


5.5 
5 

-f 5 


3 
3 

3 


6 

5.5 
5 


3 

3 
3 


7 
6 

5 5 


3 

3 












































7.5 to 10 


fi 


3 


7 


3 


8 


3 










10 to 12.5 " 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4 5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


fi 


3 


7 


3 


s 


3 


9 


3 


12.5 to 15 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


^ 


5 


3 


5 5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


3 


S 


3 


15 to 17.5 " 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3\5 


2.5 


4 


3 


-1.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


fi 


3 


7 


3 


17.5 to 20 


■j.;> 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2 5 


:-! r> 




4 


H 


4 5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


fi 


a 


20 to 25 


2 


2 


2.5 


i 


2 5 


2.5 


3 


> 5 


3 5 


■->. r> 


4 


3 


4 r, 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


a 


25 to 30 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


3 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


30 to 40 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


'A 




2 


2 5 


2 5 


3 


2 f, 


3 5 


3 


4 


3 


4 5 


a 


40 or over 


- 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


- 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


3 


4 


3 



Note.— The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight 
by more than 1% times the amount given in this table. 



(6) When Ordered to Thickness: — 

The thickness of each plate shall not vary more than 0,01 inch 
under that ordered. 

The overweight of each lot 2 in each shipment shall not exceed the 
amount given in Table II. 

x The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and group weight. 
2 The term ' 'lot" applied to Table II means all of the plates of each group width and group thickness. 



CARNEQIE STEEL COMPANY 



TABLE II.— PERMISSIBLE OVERWEIGHTS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO THICKNESS 



Ordered 




Permissible Excess in Average Weights 
per Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given, 
Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights 




Thickness, 
Inches 


Under 

48 in. 


48 in. 

to 
60 in. 
excl. 


60 in. 

to 
72 in. 
excl. 


72 in. 

to 
84 in. 
excl. 


84 in. 

to 
96 in. 
excl. 


96 in. 

to 
108 in. 
excl. 


lCSin. 

to 
120 in. 

excl. 


120 in. 

to 
132 in. 
excl. 


132 in. 
or 
ovir 


Under M 

H to % 6 excl 

8 Aoto X " .... 

H to % a " ... . 

6Afl tO^ " . . . . 

% to fte " . . . . 
7 Aa to y 2 " .... 
k to % " .... 
% to H " .... 

H to 1 " 

1 or over 


9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4.5 

4 

3.5 

3 

2.5 

2.5 


10 

!) 
8 
7 
6 

4.5 

4 

3.5 

3 

2.5 


12 
10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4.5 

4 

3.5 

3 


14 
12 
10 

9 

8 

7 

G 

5 

4.5 

4 

3.5 


12 
10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4.5 

4 


10 
'.1 

8 - 
7 
6 
5 
4.5 


ii' 

10 


i6' 

1 1 

12 


' l'.V 
17 
15 
13 
11 
9 
8 
7 


8 
7 
6 

.5 


9 

8 
7 




V. FINISH 

12. Finish. The finished material shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

VI. MARKING 

13. Marking. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the 
melt number shall be legibly rolled or stamped on all finished 
material, except that rivet bars and other small sections shall, when 
loaded for shipment, be properly separated and marked for identi- 
fication. The melt number shall be legibly marked, by stamping, 
if practicable, on each test specimen. 



VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

14. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The 
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accord- 
ance with these specifications. All tests (except check analyses) 
and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to 
shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted 
as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

56 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR CARS 



15. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 5 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(&) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to its 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

16. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 5, which 
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks from 
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the 
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a re- 
hearing within that time. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

CARBON STEEL 
CAR AND TENDER AXLES 

Serial Designation: A21-14. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 21; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adofted, 1901; Revised, 1905, 1913, 1914. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 



II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

2. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Carbon 0.35-0.55 per cent 

Manganese not over 0.70 " 

Phosphorus " " 0.05 " 

Sulphur " " 0.06 " 

3. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the 
elements specified in sec. 2. This analysis shall be made from a 



58 



A. S. T. M.— CAR AND TENDER AXLES 



test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 2. 

4. Check Analyses. An analysis may be made by the purchaser 
from an axle representing each melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in 
sec. 2. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the axle or from 
a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point midway between 
the center and surface. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

5. Drop Tests, (a) The test axle shall be so placed on supports 
that the tup will strike it midway between the ends. It shall be 
turned over after the first and third blows, and, when required, 
after the fifth and seventh blows. When tested in accordance 
with the following conditions, the axle shall stand the specified 
number of blows without fracture and the deflection after the first 
blow shall not exceed that specified: 



Diameter 
of Axle 


Distance 

between 


Weight of 
Tup, 
Pounds 


Height of 
Drop, 
Feet 


Number 

of 
Blows 


Max. Deflec- 


at Center, 
Inches 


Supports, 
Feet 


First Blow, 
Inches 


4M 


3 


1640 


24 


5 


&K 


4M 


3 


1640 


26 


5 


8M 


4%o 


3 


1640 


28 3^ 


5 


8H 


4% 


3 


1640 


31 


5 


8 


4M 


3 


1640 


34 


5 


7M 


5% 


3 


1640 


43 


5 


&V2 


5% 


3 


1640 


43 


7 


5 


6%6 


3 


1640 


43 


9 


3X 



(6) The deflection is the difference between the distance from 
a straight edge to the middle point of the axle, measured before the 
first blow,~and the distance measured in the same manner after the 
blow. The straight edge shall rest only on the collars or the ends 
of the axle. 

(c) The temperature of the test axle shall be between 40° and 
120° F. 

6. Drop-Test Machine. The anvil of the drop-test machine shall 
be supported on 12 springs, shall be free to move in a vertical 
direction, and shall weigh 17,500 pounds. The radii of the striking 
face of the tup and of the supports shall be 5 inches. 

7. Number of Tests. One drop-test shall be made from each melt. 
Not less than 30 axles shall be offered from any one melt, unless 
otherwise agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



IY. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 

8. Workmanship. The axles shall conform to the sizes and 
shapes specified by the purchaser. When centered, 60-degree 
centers with clearance drilled for points shall be used. 

9. Finish. The axles shall be free from injurious defects and 
shall have a workmanlike finish. 

V. MARKING 

10. Marking. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on 
each axle. The purchaser shall indicate the location of such identi- 
fication marks. 

YT. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

11. inspection, (a) The inspector representing the purchaser 
shall have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture cf the axles ordered. The 
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the axles are being furnished in accord- 
ance with these specifications. Tests and inspection at the place 
of manufacture shall be made prior to shipment. 

(6) The purchaser may make the chemical tests to govern the 
acceptance or rejection of the axles in his own laboratory or else- 
where. Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the 
purchaser. 

(c) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to 
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

12. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 11 (b) shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(b) Axles which show injurious defects while being finished by 
the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be j 
notified. 

13. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 11 (b), 
which represent rejected axles, shall be preserved for two weeks 
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with 
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a 
rehearing within that time. 



A. S. T. M.— Q. AND T. CARBON STEEL FORQINQS 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 
AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

QUENCHED AND TEMPERED CARBON STEEL 

AXLES, SHAFTS, AND OTHER FORCINGS 

FOR LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS 

Serial Designation: A19-16. 



The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 19; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1912., 1914, 1916. 



1. Basis of Purchase. When used for forgings for locomotives, 
these specifications cover quenched-and-tempered carbon steel 
driving axles, engine-and trailing-truck axles, main and side rods, 
straps, crank pins, and piston rods. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. The steel may be made by the open-hearth or any 
other process approved by the purchaser. 

3. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 

4. Prolongations for Tests. For test purposes, a prolongation shall 
be left on each forging, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. 

61 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



5. Boring, (a) Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, 
all forgings over 7 inches in diarpeter shall be bored, and all axles, 
shafts and similar forgings shall be rough-turned all over. The 
boring shall be done before quenching. 

(b) If boring is specified, the diameter of the hole shall be at 
least 20 per cent of the maximum outside diameter or thickness 
of the forging, exclusive of collars and flanges. 

6. Heat Treatment. For quenching-and-tempering, the forgings 
shall be allowed to become cold after forging. They shall then be 
uniformly reheated to the proper temperature to refine the grain 
(a group thus reheated being known as a "quenching charge"), 
and quenched in some medium under substantially uniform con- 
ditions for each quenching charge. Finally, they shall be uniformly 
reheated to the proper temperature for tempering or "drawing 
back" (a group thus reheated being known as a "tempering 
charge"), and allowed to cool uniformly. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

7. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

[First Class by Size 0.25-0.60 per cent 

„ , Second " " " 0.35-0.60 " 

Carbon Th . rd „ „ „ 0.35-0.65 " " 

[Fourth " " " 0.35-0.70 " " 

Manganese 0.40-0.70 " " 

Phosphorus not over 0.05 " " 

Sulphur " " 0.05 " 

8. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements 
specified in sec. 7. This analysis shall be made from a test ingot 
taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or his 
representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified in 
sec. 7. 

9. 'Check Analyses, (a) An analysis may bemadeby the purchaser 
from a forging representing each melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in 
sec. 7. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the fcrging or 
from a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point midway 
between the center and surface of solid forgings, and at any point 
midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the wall of bored 
forgings; or turnings may be taken from a test specimen. 



A. S. T. M.— Q. AND T. CARBON STEEL FORQINQS 



(b) In addition to the complete analysis specified in par. (a), a 
phosphorus determination may be made by the purchaser from 
each broken tension-test specimen. The phosphorus content thus 
determined shall conform to the requirement specified in sec. 7. 



III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 
10. Tension Tests, (a) The forgings shall conform to the mini- 
mum requirements as to tensile properties specified in Table I. 

Table I. — Tensile Properties 



Pounds 

per 
Sq. Inch 



Elastic 
Limit, 
Pounds 



Elongation 
in 2 Inches, 
Per Cent 



Inverse Not 

Ratio under 



Reduction 
of Area, 
Per Cent 



Inverse Not 

Ratio I under 



eokgings whose maximum outside dlameter or thickness 
Solid, and not over 20 Inches when 



is not over 10 Inches when 
Bored 



Up to 4 inches 
outside diameter or thickness 
2-inch max. wall 



Over 4 to 7 inches 
outside diameter or thickness 
3J4-inch max. wall 



Over 7 to 10 inches 
outside diameter or thickness. 
5-inch max. wall 



Outside diameter or thickness, 
not over 20 inches 
5 to 8-inch wall 



90,000 


55,000 


85,000 


50,000 


85,000 


50,000 


82,500 


48,000 



2,000,000 
tens. str. 



1, 900,000 
tens. str. 



3,800,000 
tens. str. 



3,400,000 
tens. str. 



(&) The classification by size of the forging shall be determined 
by the specified diameter or thickness which governs the size of 
the prolongation from which the test specimen is taken. 

(c) The elastic limit called for by these specifications shall 
be determined by an extensometer reading to 0.0002 inch. The 
extensometer shall be attached to the specimen at the gage marks 
and not to the shoulders of the specimen nor to any part of the 
testing machine. When the specimen is in place and the extenso- 
meter attached, the testing machine shall be operated so as to 
increase the load on the specimen at a uniform rate. The observer 
shall watch the elongation of the specimen as shown by the extenso- 
meter and shall note, for this determination, the load at which the 
rate of elongation shows a sudden increase. The extensometer 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



shall then be removed from the specimen, and the test continued 
to determine the tensile strength. 

(d) Tests of forgings shall be made only after final treatment. 

11. Bend Tests. If specified by the purchaser, bend tests shall be 
made as follows: 

(a) For the first and second classes by size, the test specimen 
shall bend cold through 180 degrees around a 1-inch flat mandrel 
having a rounded edge of J^-inch radius, without cracking on the 
outside of the bent portion. 

Qj) For the third and fourth classes by size, the test specimen 



shall bend cold through ISO degrees around a 1. 



■h flat mandrel 



having a rounded edge of %-inch radius, without cracking on the 
outside of the bent portion. 

12. Proof Tests. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, all 
forgings shall be subjected to an impact proof test. The details 
of this test shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the 
purchaser. 

13. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens shall 
be taken from a full-size prolongation of any forging. For forgings 
with large ends or collars, the prolongation may be of the same 
cross-section as that of the forging back of the large end or collar. 
Specimens may be taken from the forging itself with a hollow drill, 
if approved by the purchaser. 

(6) The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point 
midway between the center and surface of solid forgings, and at 
any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the 
wall of bored forgings, and shall be parallel to the axis of the 
forging in the direction in which the metal is most drawn out. 





K 2*4 >; 






^-' Radius not less than Vs" ! A 


- 


! f If 1 





;"Gage length 



NOTE: — The gage length, parallel portions and fillets shall be as shown, but 
the ends may be of any form which will lit the holders of the 
testing machine. 

(c) Tension-test specimens shall be of the form and dimensions 
shown in fig. 1. The ends shall be of a form to tit the holders of 
the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial. 



64 



A. S. T. M.— Q. AND T. CARBON STEEL FORQINGS 



(d) Bend-test specimens shall be H inch square in section with 
corners rounded to a radius not over Vie inch, and need not exceed 
6 inches in length. 

14. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-and, if specified by the 
purchaser, one bend test shall be made from each tempering 
charge. If more than one quenching charge is represented in a 
tempering charge, one tension-and, if specified, one bend test shall 
be made from each quenching charge. If more than one melt is 
represented in a quenching charge, one tension-and, if specified, 
one bend test shall be made from each melt. 

(6) If more than one class of forgings by size is represented in 
any lot, one tension-and, if specified, one bend test from a forging 
of each class by size shall be made as specified in sec. 10, 11 and 13. 

(c) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

(d) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than "that specified in sec. 10 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is more than % inch from the center of the gage length, as indi- 
cated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, 
a retest shall be allowed. 



15. Retests. (a) If the results of the physical tests of any 
test lot do not conform to the requirements specified, the manu- 
facturer may retemper or requench-and-temper such lot, but not 
more than three additional times unless authorized by the pur- 
chaser, and retests shall be made as specified in sec. 14. 

(6) If the fracture of any tension-test specimen shows over 
15 per cent crystallin, a second test shall be made. If the fracture 
of the second specimen shows over 15 per cent crystallin, the 
forgings represented by such specimen shall be retempered or 
requenched-and-tempered. The fracture shall be considered 
crystallin if the crystals which it contains are so large that the 
cleavage planes or sides of these crystals are easily visible to the 
eye. 

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 

16. Workmanship. The forgings shall conform to the sizes and 
shapes specified by the purchaser. Axles, shafts, and similar forg- 
ings, unless otherwise specified, shall be rough-turned all over wit h an 
allowance of Y% inch on the surface for finishing. In centering, 
60-degree centers with clearance drilled for points shall be used. 

65 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



17. Finish. The forgings shall be free from injurious defects 
and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

V. MARKING 

18. Marking. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on 
each forging and on each test specimen. The purchaser shall 
indicate the location of such identification marks. 

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

19. Inspection, (a) The inspector representing the purchaser 
shall have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of 
the purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the forgings ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the forgings are being furnished 
in accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection at 
the place of manufacture shall be made prior to shipment. 

(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the acceptance 
or rejection of the forgings in his own laboratory or elsewhere. 
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the purchaser. 

(c) Tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to inter- 
fere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

20. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 19 (b) shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(b) Forgings which show injurious defects while being finished 
by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be 
notified. 

21. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 19 (b), 
which represent rejected forgings, shall be preserved for two weeks 
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with 
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a 
rehearing within that time. 



A. S. T. M.— Q. AND T. CARBON STEEL FORQINQS 



APPENDIX' 

As a guide in determining a proof test for quenched-and-tempered 
forgings, the following particulars regarding three methods of proof 
testing now being used are given.* 

The Pennsylvania Railroad Company and the Standard Steel 
Works Company require that axles, shafts and similar forgings 
shall receive an impact proof test on an M. C. B. drop-test machine, 
with supports 3 feet apart, two blows being struck with a tup 
weighing 1640 or 2240 pounds. The former company requires 
that both blows be struck at the center of the forging, which is 
to be turned 90 degrees after the first blow. The other requires 
that the forging be supported at one end for the first blow and at 
the other end for the second blow; and that the forging be turned 
180 degrees after the first blow. The requirements as to height 
of drop given in the accompanying table are derived from the 
following formulas: For the 

1640-lb. tup: H=0.01D3; 2240-lb. tup: H=0.0073D 3 ; 
in which H is height of drop in feet and D is diameter of the forging 
at the center in inches. 

The New York Central Lines and the Carnegie Steel Company 
require that forgings shall be submitted to an impact proof test 
by having them supported at the ends and being struck in the 
center one blow by a tup delivering the number of foot-pounds 
shown in the accompanying table. 

Proof Tests for Quenched-and-Tempered Forgings 





Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 


New York Central Lines, 




Standard Steel Works Company 


Carnegie Steel Company 


Diameter, 










Inches 


Height of Drop 


Energy of Blow 




1640-lb. Tup. 


2240-lb. Tup. 


Foot-Pounds 


4K 




Oft. 11 in. 


700 


5 




1 " 3 " 


900 


5V 2 


1 ft. 2 in. 


1 " 8 " 


1200 


6 


1 " 7 " 


2 " 2 " 


1700 


6^ 


2 " " 


2 " 9 " 


2500 


7 


2 " 6 " 


3 " 5 " 


3500 


TV2 


3 " 1 " 


4 " 3 " 


4700 


8 


3 " 8 " 


5 " 1 " 


6000 


8J-S 


4 " 6 " 


6 " 2 " 


7500 


9 


5 " 3 " 


7 " 3 " 


9000 


9J^ 


6 " 3 " 


8 " 7 " 


10000 


10 


7 " 4 " 


10 " " 


11000 


io y 2 


8 " 6 " 


11 " 7 " 


12000 


n 


9 " 10 " 


13 " .5 " 


13000 


iiH 


11 " 1 " 


15 " 3 " 


14000 


12 


12 " S " 


17 " 4 " 


15000 



*For more detailed information concerning these methods of proof testing, see Report of Com- 
mittee A-l on Standard Specilicatiuns for Steel, Appendix IV. "Report on Proof Tests of Finished 
Forgings," Proceeding Am. Soc. for Test. Mats., Vol. XIV, Part II, p. 120 (1914). 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

QUENCHED-AND-TEMPERED ALLOY-STEEL 

AXLES, SHAFTS, AND OTHER FORGINGS, 

FOR LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS. 

Serial Designated: A 63-1G 



The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designation 
A 63; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of 
revision, the year of last revision. 



Adopted, 1916 

1. Classes, (a) These specifications cover the various classes 
of alloy-steel forgings now commonly used in locomotive and car 
construction. 

(b) The purposes for which these classes are frequently used 
are as follows: 

Class K, for forgings for main and side rods, straps, piston rods, 
and all other forgings which are to be machined with milling 
cutters or complicated forming tools; 

Class L, for forgings for driving and trailing-truck axles, crank 
pins, and other parts not requiring the use of milling cutters or 
complicated forming tools. 



A. S. T. M.— Q. AND T. ALLOY STEEL FORCINGS 



I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. The steel may be made by the open-hearth or any 
other process approved by the purchaser. 

3. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 

4. Prolongations for Tests. For test purposes, a prolongation shall 
be left on each forging, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. 

5. Boring, (a) Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser 
all forgings over 7 inches in diameter shall be bored, and all axles, 
shafts and similar forgings shall be rough-turned all over. The 
boring and rough-turning shall be done before quenching. 

(b) If boring is specified, the diameter of the hole shall be at 
least 20 per cent of the maximum outside diameter or thickness of 
the forging, exclusive of collars and flanges. 

6. neat Treatment. For quenching and tempering, the forgings 
shall be allowed to become cold after forging. They shall then be 
uniformly reheated to the proper temperature to refine the grain 
(a group thus reheated being known as a "quenching charge") 
and quenched in some medium under substantially uniform condi- 
tions for each quenching charge. Finally, they shall be uniformly 
reheated to the proper temperature for tempering or "drawing 
back" (a group thus reheated being known as a "tempering charge") 
and allowed to. cool uniformly. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

7. Chemical Composition, (a) The steel shall" conform to the 
following requirements as to chemical composition: 

Acid Basic 



Phosphorus not over 0.05 per cent 

Sulphur " " 0.05 " 



not over 0.04 per cent 
" 0.05 " 



(b) The composition of alloy steel, other than phosphorus and 
sulphur, shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the 
purchaser.* 



*The question of chemical composition of the several types of alloy steels is not yet sufficiently 
standardized to warrant the inclusion of formal requirements covering chemical composition of such 
alloy steels in standard specifications. 

The following compositions for Classes K and L are quoted as being as nearly typical as any 
now regularly manufactured: 



Elements Considered 


Chrome-Vanadium 

Steel, 

Per Cent 


Chrome-Nickel 

Steel, 

Per Cent 


Chromium 

Steel, 
Per Cent 




0.28-0.42 

0.40-0.70 

0.75-1.25 

not under 0.15 


0.28-0.42 

0.40-0.70 

not under 0.70 


0.28-0.42 




0.40-0.70 










Nickel 


not under 1.25 





CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



8. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, 
manganese and the elements specified in sec. 7. This analysis 
shall be made from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the 
melt. The chemical composition thus determined shall be reported 
to the purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the 
requirements specified in sec. 7. 

9. Check Analyses, (a) An analysis may be made by the 
purchaser from a forging representing each melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements 
specified in sec. 7. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the 
forging or from a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point 
midway between the center and surface of solid forgings, and at 
any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the wall 
of bored forgings; or turnings may be taken from a test specimen. 

(6) In addition to the complete analysis specified in par. (a), 
a phosphorus determination may be made by the purchaser from 
each broken tension-test specimen. The phosphorus content thus 
determined shall conform to the requirement specified in sec. 7. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

10. Tension Tests, (a) The forgings shall conform to the 
requirements as to tensile properties specified in Table I. 

(b) The classification by size of the forgings shall be determined 
by the specified diameter or thickness which governs the size of the 
prolongation from which the test specimen is taken. 

(c) The elastic limit called for by these specifications shall 
be determined by an extensometer reading to 0.0002 inch. The 
extensometer shall be attached to the specimen at the gage marks 
and not to the shoulders of the specimen nor to any part cf the 
testing machine. When the specimen is in place and the extenso- 
meter attached, the testing machine shall be operated so as to 
increase the load on the specimen at a uniform rate. The observer 
shall watch the elongation of the specimen as shown by the extenso- 
meter and shall note, for this determination, the load at which the 
rate of elongation shows a sudden increase. The extensometer 
shall then be removed from the specimen, and the test continued 
to determine the tensile strength. 

(d) Tests of forgings shall be made only after final treatment. 





A. S. T. M.— Q. AND T 


ALLOY STEEL FORGINGS 




Table I. — Tensile Properties (Classes K and L) 


Class Size 


Tensile 

Strength, 

Pounds per 

Square Inch 


Elastic 

Limit, Min. 

Pounds per 

Sq. Inch 


Elongation 
in 2 inches 
Minimum, 
Per Cent 


Reduction 
of Area, 
Minimum, 
Per Cent 


forgings whose maximum outside dlameter or thickness is not over 10 inches when solid, 
and not over 20 Inches when Bored 




TJp to 2 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 


95,000-115,000 








K 


Over 2 to 4 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 


90,000-110,000 


65,000 


20 


50 


Allot 

Steel, 
Quenched ■ 


Over 4 to 7 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 


90,000-110,000 


65,000 


20 


50 


Tempered. 


Over 7 to 10 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 


90,000-110,000 


65,000 


20 


50 




Outside diameter or 
thickness not over 20 inches, 


85,000-105,000 


60,000 


20 


50 




Up to 2 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 


105,000-125,000 


80,000 


20 


50 


L 

Alloy 

Steel, 
Quenched • 


Over 2 to 4 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 
2-inch max. wall 


100,000-120,000 


75,000 


20 


50 


Over 4 to 7 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 
33^-inch max. wall 


100,000-120,000 


75,000 


20 


50 


Tempered. 


Over 7 to 10 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 


100,000-120,000 


75,000 


18 


45 




Outside diameter or 
thickness not over 20 inches, 
5 to 8-inch wall 


95,000-115,000 


70,000 


18 


45 


11. Bend Tests. If specified by the purchaser, bend tests shall 


be made as follows: 


(a) For the first and second classes by size, the test specimen 


shall bend cold through 180 degrees around a 1 inch flat mandrel 


having a rounded edge of }/% inch radius, without cracking on the 


outside of the bent portion. 


(b) For the third and fourth classes by size, the test specimen 


shall bend cold through 180 degrees around a IK inch flat mandrel 


having a rounded edge of % inch radius, without cracking on the 


outside of the bent portion. 


12. Proof Tests. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, all 


forgings shall be subjected to an impact proof test. The details 


of this test shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the 


purchaser.* 


*For information relative to proof tests of finished forgings, see Appendix. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



13. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens shall 
be taken from a full-size prolongation of any forging. For forgings 
with large ends or collars, the prolongation may be of the same 
cross-section as that of the forging back of the large end or collar. 
Specimens may be taken from the forging itself with "a hollow drill, 
if approved by the purchaser. 



^ 2 y*-— ->, 

Radius not less than %" 




^ 2 "Gage length >i 



-The gage length, parallel portions and fillets shall be as shown, but 
the ends may be of any form which w ill fit the holders of the 
testing machine. 

Figure 1. 



(6) The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point 
midway between the center and surface of solid forgings, and at 
any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the 
wall of bored forgings, and shall be parallel to the axis of the 
forging in the direction in which the metal is most drawn out. 

(c) Tension-test specimens shall conform to the dimensions 
shown in fig. 1. The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders of 
the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial. 

(d) Bend-test specimens shall be }4 inch square in section 
with corners rounded to a radius not over Via inch, and need not 
exceed 6 inches in length. 

14. Number of Tests. (a) One tension-and, if specified by the 
purchaser, one bend test shall be made from each tempering charge. 
If more than one quenching charge is represented in a tempering 
charge, one tension-and, if specified, one bend test shall be made 
from each quenching charge. If more than one melt is represented 
in a quenching charge, one tension-and, if specified, one bend test 
shall be made from each melt. 

(b) If more than one class of forgings by size is represented in 
any lot, one tension-and, if specified, one bend test from a fcrging 
of each class by size shall be made as specified in sec. 10, 11 and 13. 



A. S. T. M.— Q. AND T. ALLOY STEEL FORQINQS 



(c) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

(d) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 10 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is more than % inch from the center of the gage length, as indicated 
by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a retest 
shall be allowed. 

15. Eetests. (a) If the results of the physical tests of any 
test lot do not conform to the requirements specified, the manufact- 
urer may retemper or requench-and-temper such lot, but not more 
than three additional times unless authorized by the purchaser, 
and retests shall be made as specified in sec. 14. 

(b) If the fracture of any tension-test specimen shows over 
15 per cent crystallin, a second test shall be made. If the fracture 
of the second specimen shows over 15 per cent crystallin, the 
forgings represented by such specimen shall be retempered or 
requenched-and-tempered. The fracture shall be considered 
crystallin if the crystals which it contains are so large that the 
cleavage planes or sides of these crystals are easily visible to the 
eye. 

IY. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 

16. Workmanship. The forgings shall conform to the sizes and 
shapes specified by the purchaser. Axles, shafts and similar 
forgings, unless otherwise specified, shall be rough-turned all over 
with an allowance of % inch on the surface for finishing. In 
centering, 60 degree centers with clearance drilled for points shall 
be used. 

17. Finish. The forgings shall be free from injurious defects 
and shall have a workmanlike finish. 



V. MARKING 
18. Marking. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on 
each forging and on each test specimen. The purchaser shall 
indicate the location of such identification marks. 



VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 
19. Inspection, (a) The inspector representing the purchaser 
shall have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the fcrgings ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the forgings are being furnished 
in accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection at 
the place of manufacture shall be made prior to shipment. 

(6) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the acceptance 
or rejection of the forgings in his own laboratory or elsewhere. 
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the purchaser. 

(c) Tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to interfere 
unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

20. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 19 (b) shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(6) Forgings which show injurious defects while being finished 
by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be 
notified. 

21. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 19 (6), 
which represent rejected forgings, shall be preserved for two weeks 
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with 
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a 
rehearing within that time. 



A. S. T. M.— Q. AND T. ALLOY STEEL FORQINQS 

APPENDIX 

As a guide in determining a proof test for quenched-and-tempered 
forgings, the following particulars regarding three methods of 
proof testing now being used are given.* 

The Pennsylvania Railroad Company and the Standard Steel 
Works Company require that axles, shafts and similar forgings shall 
receive an impact proof test on an M. C. B. drop-test machine, 
with supports 3 feet apart, two blows being struck with a tup 
weighing 1640 or 2240 pounds. The former company requires that 
both blows be struck at the center of the forging, which is to be 
turned 90 degrees after the first blow. The other requires that 
the forging be supported at one end for the first blow and at the 
other end for the second blow; and that the forging be turned 
180 degrees after the first blow. The requirements as to height of 
drop given in the accompanying table are derived from the following 
formulas for the 

1640-lb. tup: H=0.01D3; 2240-lb. tup: H=0.0073D 3 ; 

in which H is height of drop in feet and D is diameter of the forging 
at the center in inches. 

The New York Central Lines and the Carnegie Steel Company 
require that forgings shall be submitted to an impact proof test 
by having them supported at ' the ends and being struck in the 
center one blow by a tup delivering the number of foot-pounds 
shown in the accompanying table. 



Proof Tests for Qttenched-and-Tempered Forgings 





Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 


New York Central Lines, 


Diameter, 
Inches 


Standard Steel Works Company 


Carnegie Steel Company 


Height of Drop 


Energy of Blow 




1640-lb. Tup. 


2240-lb. Tup. 


Foot-Pounds 


4Ji 


ft. 11 in. 




700 


5 


1 " 3 " 




900 


5H 


1 " 8 " 


1 ft. 2 in. 


1200 


6 


2 " 2 " 


1 ' 


7 " 


1700 


Gy 2 


2 " 9 " 


2 ' 


O " 


2500 


7 


3 " 5 " 


2 ' 


6 " 


3500 


iv* 


4 " 3 " 


3 ' 


1 " 


4700 


8 


5 " 1 " 


3 ' 


. 8 " 


6000 


8^ 


6 " 2 " 


4 ' 


6 " 


7500 


9 


7 " 3 " 


5 ' 


3 " 


9000 


9^ 


8 " 7 " 


6 ' 


3 " 


10000 


10 


10 " " 


7 ' 


4 " 


11000 


10^ 


11 " 7 " 


8 ' 


6 " 


12000 


11 


13 " 5 " 


9 ' 


10 " 


13000 


11 J* 


15 " 3 " 


11 ' 


1 " 


14000 


12 


17 " 4 " 


12 " 8 " 


15000 



*For more detailed information concerning these methods of proof testing, see Report of Com- 
mittee A-l on Standard Specifications for Steel, Appendix IV, "Report on Proof Tests of Finished 
Forgings," Proceedings Am, Soc, Test. Mats., Vol. XIV, Part II, p. 120 (1914). 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR LOCOMOTIVES 

Serial Designation: A10-16. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 10; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1914, 1916. 



1. Basisof Purchase. These specifications apply to shapes, plates 
(except boiler and firebox plates) and bars over }§ inch in thickness. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Phosphorus not over 0.05 per cent 

Sulphur . " " 0.05 " 

4. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, 

manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. This analysis shall lie made 
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 

re 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR LOCOMOTIVES 



composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 3. 

5. Check Analyses. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from 
finished material representing each melt. The phosphorus and 
sulphur content thus determined shall conform to the requirements 
specified in sec. 3. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

6. Tension Tests, (a) The material shall conform to the 
following requirements as to tensile properties: 

Tensile strength lb. per sq. inch 55,000-65,000 

Yield point, min lb. per sq. inch 0.5 tens. str. 

Elongation in 8 inches, min per cent 1.500,000 

See sec. 7. tens. str. 

(6) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 

7. Modifications in Elongation, (a) For material over % inch 
in thickness, a deduction of 1 from the percentage of elongation 
specified in sec. 6 (a) shall be made for each increase of Y% inch in 
thickness above % inch, to a minimum of 18 per cent. 

(6) For material under 5 /i6 inch in thickness, a deduction of 
2.5 from the percentage of elongation in 8 inches specified in sec. 
6 (a) shall be made for each decrease of Viq inch in thickness below 
5 /i6 inch. 

8. Bend Tests. The test specimen shall bend cold through 180 
degrees without cracking on the outside of the bent portion, as 
follows: For material % inch or under in thickness, flat on itself; 
for material over % inch to and including 134 inch in thickness, 
around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the thickness of 
the specimen; and for material over \\i inch in thickness, around 
a pin the diameter of which is equal to twice the thickness of the 
specimen. 

9. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens shall 
be taken from the finished rolled material. 

(fe) Tension-and bend-test specimens, except as specified in 
par. (c), shall be of the full thickness of material as rolled; and may 
be machined to the form and dimensions shown in fig. 1, or with 
both edges parallel. 

77 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



(c) Tension-arid bend-test specimens for plates and bars over 
1}4 inch in thickness or diameter may be machined to a thickness 
or diameter of at least % inch for a length of at least 9 inches. 

10. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-and one bend test shall 
be made from each melt; except that if material from one melt 
differs % inch or over in thickness, one tension-and one bend test 
shall be made from both the thickest and the thinnest material 
rolled. Shapes less than 1 sq. inch in section, and bars less than 
Yi sq. inch in section, need not be subjected to a tension test. 

(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 6 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is outside the middle third of the gage length, as indicated by 
scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a retest 
shall be allowed. 



-.-About 3- 


] vf 






,1V. 


— *| ;*-About>3-* 






1 • 


• 


















-4£ 


l'i-i 


-Etc. 














Figure 1 







IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS. 
11. Permissible Variations. The cross-section or weight of each 
piece of steel shall not vary more than 2.5 per cent from that 
specified, except in the case of sheared plates, which shall be 
covered by the following permissible variations. One cubic inch 
of rolled steel is assumed to weigh 0.2S33 pound. 

(a) When Ordered to Weight per Square Foot: — 
The weight of each lot 1 in each shipment shall not vary from the 
weight ordered more than the amount given in Table I. 

1 The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and group weight. 



A. S. T. M.— STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR LOCOMOTIVES 



TABLE I. 



-PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO WEIGHT 











Permissible Variations in Average Weights 










per Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given, 




Expressed in Percentages of Ordered Weights 


Ordered 




















Weight, 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


Pounds 


Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


per 


48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 




Square Foot 




excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 






t, 


S3 


t, 


S3 


n 


S3 


t, 


S3 


h 


S3 

1 
P 


S3 


S3 


t. 




n 


& 


^ 






o 


P 


o 


P 


o 


& 


O 


P 


o 


o 


(3 


a 


P 


£ 


P 


a 


P 




5 

4.5 
4 


3 
3 
3 


5.5 
5 

4.5 


3 
3 
3 


6 

5.5 
5 


3 
3 

3 


7 
6 

5.5 


3 

3 
3 












































7.5 to 10 


R 


3 


7 


3 


8 


3 










10 to 12.5 " 


3,5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


H 


3 


7 


3 


S 


3 


9 


3 


12.5 to 15 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


6 


3 


7 


3 


8 


3 


15 to 17.5 " 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


5.53 


6 


3 


7 


3 


17.5 to 20 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


'..'- 


3 




3.5 


2.5 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


5 


S 


5.53 


<i 


3 


20 to 25 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


i.r, 


3.5 


2.5 


4 


-! 


4.5 


-J 


5 


3 


5.5 


3 


25 to 30 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


3 


4 


4 


4.5 


3 


5 


3 


30 to 40 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 5 


2 


2.5 


2 5 


3 




3 5 


-t 


4 


3 


4.5 


3 


40 or over 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2. 


2 


2 


2.5 


2 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


2.5 


3.5 


3 


4 


i 



Note. — The weight per square foot of individual plates shall not vary from the ordered weight 
by more than 1% times the amount given in this table. 

(&) When Ordered to Thickness: — 

The thickness of each plate shall not vary more than 0.01 inch 

under that ordered. 
The overweight of each lot 2 in each shipment shall not exceed the 
amount given in Table II. 
TABLE II.— PERMISSIBLE OVERWEIGHTS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO THICKNESS 







Permissible Excess in Average Weights 








per Square Foot of Plates for Widths Given, 








Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights 




Ordered 








Thickness, 




















Inches 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 




Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


or 






excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 




Under y 8 


. 9 


10 


12 


14 . 












Ys to %„ excl . . . 


. 8 


9 


10 


12 












8 /i6 to M " ■ ■ 


. 7 


8 


9 


10 


12 










M to % e " . . . 


. 6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


16 


19 


6 Aeto V & " ... 


. 5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


17 


Vs to Via " . . . 


. 4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


15 


% e to y 2 " ... 


. 4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


13 


y* to y 8 •' ... 


. 3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


11 


6 A to M " . . ■ 


. 3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


% to 1 " . . . 


. 2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


1 or over 


. 2.5 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


1 


2 The term "lot "app 


ied to Tab 


le II me 


ns all of 


the plate 


a of each 


group v. 


idth anc 


group t 


sickness. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



V. FINISH 

12. Finish. The finished material shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

VI. MARKING 

13. Marking. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the 
melt number shall be legibly stamped or rolled on all finished 
material, except that small sections shall, when loaded for shipment, 
be properly separated and marked for identification. The melt 
number shall be legibly marked, by stamping, if practicable, on 
each test specimen. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

14. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in 
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check 
analyses) and inspection shall l5e made at the place of manufacture 
prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so con- 
ducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the 
works. 

15. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 5 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(6) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to its 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, ainl the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

16. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 5, which 
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks from 
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the 
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a re- 
hearing within that time. 



A. S. T. M.— BOILER AND FIREBOX STEEL FOR LOCOMOTIVES 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 
AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOB 

BOILER AND FIREBOX STEEL 
FOR LOCOMOTIVES 

Serial Designation: A30-16. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 30 ; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909, 1912,1913, 1914, 1916. 

1. Grades. These specifications cover two grades of steel for 
boilers for locomotives, namely: 

Flange 

AND 

Firebox 

I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



Flange Firebox 

Carbon per cent 0.12-0.25 per cent 

Manganese 0.30-0.60 " " 0.30-0.50 " 

._, , fAcid not over 0.05 " " not over 0.04 " 

Phosphorus ., _ 

\Basic " " 0.04 " " " C" 0.035" 

Sulphur " " 0.05 " " " " 0.04 " 

Copper " " " " 0.05 " 

4. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements 
specified in sec. 3. This analysis shall be made from a test ingot 
taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or his representa- 
tive, and shall conform to the requirements specified in sec. 3. 

5. Check Analyses. An analysis may be made by the purchaser 
from a broken tension-test specimen representing each plate as rolled. 
The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the 
requirements specified in sec. 3. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

6. Tension Tests, (a) The material shall conform to the 
olio wing requirements as to tensile properties: 

Flange Firebox 

Tensile strength lb. per sq. inch 55,000-05,000 52,000-G2,000 

Yield point, ruin lb. per sq. inch 0.5 tens. str. 0.5 tens. str. 

Elongation in 8 inches, min . . .per cent i .500.000 1.5 00.000 

See sec. 7. tens - str * tens - str * 

(b) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 

7. Modifications in Elongation, (a) For material over ?.i inch in 
thickness, a deduction of 0.5 from the percentages of elongati< o 
specified in sec. 6 (a) shall be made for each increase of 3 s inch in 
thickness above % inch. 

(b) For material % inch or under in thickness, the elongation 
shall be measured on a gage length of 24 times the thickness of 
the specimen. 

8. Bend Tests, (a) Cold-bend Tests. — The test specimen shall 
bend cold through ISO degrees without cracking on the outside of 
the bent portion, as follows: For material 1 inch or under in 
thickness, around a pin the diameter of which is equal to the 
thickness of the specimen; and for material over 1 inch in thick- 
ness, around a pin the diameter cf which is equal to twice the 
thickness of the specimen. 



A. S. T. M.— BOILER AND FIREBOX STEEL FOR LOCOMOTIVES 

9. Homogeneity Tests. For firebox steel, a sample taken from 
a broken tension-test specimen shall not show any single seam or 
cavity more than 34 inch long, in either of the three fractures 
obtained in the test for homogeneity, which shall be made as follows: 
The specimen shall be either nicked with a chisel or grooved 
on a machine, transversely, about Vie inch deep, in three places 
about 2 inches apart. The first groove shall be made 2 inches from 
the square end; each succeeding groove shall be made on the opposite 
side from the preceding one. The specimen shall then be firmly 
held in a vise, with the first groove about M inch above the jaws, 
and the projecting end broken off by light blows of a hammer, 
the bending being away from the groove. The specimen" shall be 
broken at the other two grooves in the same manner. The object 
of this test is to open and render visible to the eye any seams 
due to failure to weld up or to interposed foreign matter, or any 
cavities due to gas bubbles in the ingot. One side of each fracture 
shall be examined and the lengths of the seams and cavities deter- 
mined, a pocket lens being used if necessary. 



«-About3- 


*/ , Parallel section not less than 9" 


*-About-3^* 










it t t ••■•'•!• : 




la 




— J^Li-'4L-i'ilEtc. 








Figure 1. 





10. Test Specimens. Tension-test specimens shall be taken longitud- 
inally from the bottom of the finished rolled material, and bend-test 
specimens shall be taken transversely from the middle of the top of 
the finished rolled material. The longitudinal test specimens shall 
be taken in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the ingot, and the 
transverse test specimens at right angles to that axis. They shall 
be of the full thickness of material as rolled, and shall be machined 
to the form and dimensions shown in fig. 1; except that bend-test 
specimens may be machined with both edges parallel. 

11. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-, and one bend test shall 
be made from each plate as rolled. 

(6) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted, 
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



is less than that specified in sec. 6 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is outside the middle third of the gage length, as indicated by 
3cribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a retest 
.shall be allowed. 



IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND THICKNESS 

12. Permissible Variations. When Ordered to Thickness: — 

The thickness of each plate shall not vary more than 0.01 inch 

under that ordered. 
The overweight of each lot 1 in each shipment shall not exceed the 

amount given in Table I. One cubic inch of rolled steel is assumed 

to weigh 0.2833 pound. 



-PERMISSIBLE OVERWEIGHTS OF PLATES 
ORDERED TO THICKNESS 







Permissible Excess in Average 


Weights 








per 


Square Foot of Plates for YV 


idths Given, 








Expressed in Percentages of Nominal \\ eights 


















Thickness, 






















48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


108 in. 120 in. 






Under 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to 


to to 


132 in. 




48 in. 


60 in. 


72 in. 


84 in. 


96 in. 


10S in. 


120 in. 


132 in. 


or 






excl. 


excl. 


exel. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


excl. 


over 


Under M 


9 


10 


12 


14 












Vs to % 8 exel .... 


8 


9 


10 


12 












8 /i 8 to U " .... 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 










% to % 8 " .... 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


16 


19 


%«to y 8 " .... 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


17 


Vs to % a •• .... 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


15 


%6 tO J* " . . . . 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


13 


y 2 to % - ... . 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


11 


% to % " .... 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


% to 1 ".... 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


6 7 


8 


1 or over 


2.5 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 6 


7 



13. Finish. The finished material shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

VI. MARKING 

14. Marking, (a) The name or brand of the manufacturer, melt 
or slab number, grade, and lowest tensile strength for its grade 
specified in sec. 6 (a), shall be legibly stamped on each plate. 

1 The term "lot" applied to Table I means all of the plates of each group width and group thickness. 



A. S. T. M.— BOILER AND FIREBOX STEEL FOR LOCOMOTIVES 



The melt or slab number shall be legibly stamped on each test 
specimen. 

(b) When specified on the order, plates shall be match-marked 
as defined in paragraph (c) so that the test specimens representing 
them may be identified. When more than one plate is sheared from 
a single slab or ingot, each shall be match-marked so that they may 
all be identified with the test specimens representing them. 

(c) Each match mark shall consist of two over-lapping circles 
each not less than 1J^ inches in diameter, placed upon the shear lines, 
and made by separate impressions of a single-circle steel die. 

(d) Match-marked coupons shall match with the sheets 
represented and only those which match properly shall be accepted. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

15. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the pur- 
chaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in 
accordance with these specifications. All tests (except check 
analyses) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture 
prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so 
conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of 
the works. 

16. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 5 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(6) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to its 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

17. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 5, which 
represent rejected material, shall be preserved for two weeks from 
the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the 
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a re- 
hearing within that time. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 
AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

CARBON STEEL 
FORGINGS FOR LOCOMOTIVES 

Serial Designation: A20-16. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 20; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the caso 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1913, 1914, 1916. 



1. Basis of Purchase, (a) These specifications cover untreated 
and annealed carbon-steel driving axles, engine-and trailing-truck 
axles, main and side rods, straps, crank pins, and piston rods. 

(b) The manufacturer may, at his option, furnish annealed 
forgings when untreated forgings are specified by the purchaser, 
provided they conform to the requirements specified for untreated 
forgings. 



I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. The steel may be made by the open-hearth or any 
other process approved by the purchaser. 

3. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 



A. S. T. M.— STEEL FORGINGS FOR LOCOMOTIVES 



4. Prolongations for Tests. The manufacturer and the purchaser 
shall agree upon forgings on which a prolongation for test purposes 
shall be provided. 

5. Heat Treatment. For annealing, the forgings shall be allowed 
to become cold after forging. They shall then be uniformly 
reheated to the proper temperature to refine the grain (a group thus 
reheated being known as an "annealing charge" and allowed to 
cool uniformly. 



II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

6. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Manganese 0.40-0.70 per cent 

Phosphorus not over 0.05 " 

Sulphur " " 0.05 " " 

7. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon 
and the elements specified in sec. 6. This analysis shall be made 
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The 
chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the 
purchaser or his representative, and shall conform to the require- 
ments specified in sec. 6. 

8. Check Analyses. An analysis may be made by the purchaser 
from a forging representing each melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in 
sec. 6. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the forging or 
from a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point midway 
between the center and surface; or turnings may be taken from a 
test specimen. 



III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

9. Tension Tests, (a) The forgings shall conform to the follow- 
ing minimum requirements as to tensile properties: 



CARNEGIE STEEL 


COMPANY 






Tensile Properties 

For Forgings Whose Maximum Outside Diameter or Over-all 

Thickness is not over 12 Inches when Untreated 

and not over 20 inches when annealed 


Size Tensile 
Outside Diameter 1 Strength, 

or j lb. per 
Over-all Thickness j sq. inch 


Yield 
Point, 
lb. per 
sq. inch 


Elongation in 2 
inches, per cent 


Reduction of 
Area, per cent 


Inverse 
Ratio 


Not 
under 


Inverse Not 
Ratio under 


Untreated 


Not over 8 inches .... 
Over 8 to 12 inches, 


75,000 
75,000 


0.5 tens. str. 
0.5 tens. str. 


1,000,000 
tens. str. 
1,500,000 

tens. str. 


2,200,000 
tens. str. 
2,000.000 
tens. str. 


24 
22 




Annealed 


Not over 8 inches .... 

Over 8 to 12 inches, 
incl 

Over 12 to 20 inches, 


80,000 
80,000 
80,000 


0.5 tens. str. 
0.5 tens. str. 
0.5 tens. str. 


1,800,000 
tens. str. 
1,725,000 
tens. str. 
1,650,000 


20 

19 


2,800,000 
tens. str. 
2,640,000 

tens. str. 
2,400,000 

tens. str. 


32 
30 

28 




tens. str. 1S 


(b) The classification by size of the forging shall be deter- 
mined by the specified diameter or thickness which governs the 
size of the prolongation from which the test specimen is taken. 

(c) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 

(d) Tests of forgings shall be made only after final treatment. 
10. Tension-Test Specimens, (a) Tension-test specimens shall be 

with large ends or collars, the prolongation may be of the same 
cross-section as that of the forging back of the large end or collar. 
Specimens may be taken from the forging itself with a hollow drill, 
if approved by the purchaser. 

(b) The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point 
midway between the center and surface of the forging, and shall 
be parallel to the axis of the forging in the direction in which the 
metal is most drawn out. 

(c) Test specimens shall be of the form and dimensions shown 
in fig. 1. The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders of the testing 
machine in such a way that the load shall be axial. 



A. S. T. M.— STEEL FORQINQS FOR LOCOMOTIVES 





^ 2Yi- 


---->, 






^ Radius not less than % 






1 ) § 






* °-:°'' i f 


T 






i W [ 


! 




( ; 





i^ 2 "Gage length >1 

NOTE: — The gage length, parallel portions and fillets shall he as shown, but 
the ends may be of any form which will fit the holders of the 
testing machine. 

11. Number of Tests. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, 
tests shall be made as follows: 

(a) For untreated forgings, one tension test shall be made from 
each melt. 

(b) For annealed forgings, one tension test shall be made from 
each annealing charge. If more than one melt is represented in 
an annealing charge, one tension test shall be made from each 
melt. 

(c) If more than one class of forgings by size is represented 
in any lot, one tension test from a forging of each class by size 
shall be made as specified in sec. 9 and 10. 

(d) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

(e) If the percentage of elongation of any test specimen is less 
than that specified in sec. 9 (a) and any part of the fracture is 
more than % inch from the center of the gage length, as indi- 
cated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, 
a retest shall be allowed. 

12. Retests. (a) If the results of the physical tests of any 
test lot do not conform to the requirements specified, the manu- 
facturer may reanneal such lot, but not more than three additional 
times unless authorized by the purchaser, and retests shall be 
made as specified in sec. 11. 

(6) When annealed forgings are specified, if the fracture of any 
test specimen shows over 15 per cent crystallin, a second test shall 
be made. If the fracture of the second specimen shows over 15 per 
cent crystallin, the forgings represented by such specimen shall 
be reannealed. The fracture shall be considered crystallin, if the 
crystals which it contains are so large that the cleavage planes 
or sides of these crystals are easily visible to the eye. 

89 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 

13. Workmanship. The forgings shall conform to the sizes and 
shapes specified by the purchaser. When centered, 60-degree 
centers with clearance drilled for points shall be used. 

14. Finish. The forgings shall be free from injurious defects 
and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

V. MARKING 

15. Marking. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on 
each forging and on each test specimen. The purchaser shall 
indicate the location of such identification marks. 



VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

16. Inspection. («) The inspector representing the purchaser 
shall have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the forgings ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the forgings are being furnished 
in accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection at 
the place of manufacture shall be made prior to shipment. 

(b) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the acceptance 
or rejection of the forgings in his own laboratory or elsewhere. 
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the purchaser. 

(c) Tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to inter- 
fere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

17. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 16 (b) shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(b) Forgings which show injurious defects while being finished 
by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be 
notified. 

18. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 16 (b), 
which represent rejected forgings, shall be preserved for two weeks 
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with 
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a 
rehearing within that time. 



A. S. T. M— STEEL WHEELS FOR STEAM RAILWAYS 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

SOLID WROUGHT CARBON-STEEL 
WHEELS FOR STEAM RAILWAY SERVICE 

Serial Designation : A 57-16 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designation 
A 57; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of 
revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1912; Revised, 1916 



I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open -hearth process. 

2. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS. 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Acid Basic 

' Carbon 0.60-0.80 per cent 0.65-0.S5 per cent 

Manganese 0.55-0.80 " " 0.55-0.80 " 

Phosphorus not over 0.05 " " not over 0.05 " 

Sulphur " " 0.05 " " " " 0.05 " 

Silicon 0.15-0.35 " " 0.10-0.30 " 

91 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



4. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the 
elements specified in sec. 3. This analysis shall be made from a 
test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined, together with such identifying 
records as may be desired, shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 3. 

5. Check Analyses. An analysis may be made by the purchaser 
from a wheel representing each melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in 
sec. 3. A sample may be taken from any one point in the plate; 
or two samples may be taken, in which case they shall be on radii 
at right angles to each other. Samples shall not be taken in such 
a way as to impair the usefulness of the wheel. Drillings for 
analysis shall be taken by boring entirely through the sample 
parallel to the axis of the wheel; they shall be clean and free from 
scale, oil and other foreign substances. All drillings from any 
one wheel shall be thoroughly mixed together. 



III. MATING 

6. Mating. The wheels shall be mated as to tape sizes and 
shipped in pairs. 



IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS* 

7. Permissible Variations. The wheels shall conform to the dimen- 
sions specified within the following permissible variations: 

Flange 

(a) Height of Flange. — The height of flange shall not be less 
but may be l A inch more than that specified. 

(b) Thickness of Flange. — The thickness of flange shall not 
vary more than \iQ inch from that specified. 

(c) Radius of Throat. — The radius of throat shall not vary 
more than Via inch from that specified. 

*To facilitate the use of the specifications, the various dimensions are illustrated in fig. 1, and the 
permissible variations in those dimensions are also given in tabular form in Table I. 



A. S. T. M.— STEEL WHEELS FOR STEAM RAILWAYS 



Rim 

(d) Thickness of Rim. — The rim may vary in thickness, but 
the variation less than that specified shall not exceed S/ieinch. The 
thickness of rim shall be measured from the inner edge of the rim 
to a base line drawn from the intersection of the throat radius and 
the tread, parallel to the axis of the wheel. 

(e) Width of Rim. — The width of rim shall not vary more 
than % inch from that specified. 

(/) Plane. — The wheels shall be gaged with a ring gage 
placed concentric with and perpendicular to the axis of the wheel. 
For all points on the back face of the rim equidistant from the 
center, the variation from the plane of the gage when so placed 
shall not exceed Vie inch. 

(g) Rotundity. — The tread shall be gaged with a ring gage, 
and the opening between the tread and this gage at any point 
shall not exceed Vi6 inch. 

(h) Block Marks on Tread. — Block marks shall not exceed 
%4 inch in height. 

(i) Tape Sizes. — The wheels shall not vary more than 9 tapes 
over nor more than 5 tapes under the size specified. 

(j) Limit-of-Wear Groove. — When a limit-of-wear groove is 
specified, its location shall not vary more than % inch from that 
specified, and its distance from the inner edge of the rim shall 
not at any point be less than % inch. 

Plate 

(k) Thickness of Plate. — The plate may vary in thickness, 
but the variation less than that specified shall not exceed x /32 inch 
for each Y% inch in the thickness of the plate. 



Hub 

(I) Diameter of Hub. — The diameter of hub may vary, but 
the thickness of wall of the finished bored hub shall not be less 
than 1}4 inch at any point for bores 7 inches or under in diameter, 
nor less than 1% inch for bores over 7 inches in diameter, unless 
otherwise specified. The thickness of wall of the hub shall not 
vary more than % inch at any two points on the same wheel. 

(m) Length of Hub. — The length of hub shall not vary more 
than 1}4 inch from that specified. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



(n) Depression of Hub. — For car and tender wheels and wheels 
of similar design, the depression of the hub below the front face 
of the rim shall not be less, but may be 3 s inch more, than that 
specified. 

(o) Projection of Hub. — For locomotive-truck wheels and 
wheels of similar design, the projection of the hub beyond the 
back face of the rim shall not be less, but may be J^ inch more, 
than that specified. 

Bore 

(p) Diameter of Rough Bore. — The diameter of rough bore 
shall not vary more than Viq inch over nor more than J^inch under 
that specified. When finished-bore diameter only is specified, 
the rough-bore diameter shall be made 34 inch less with the permis- 
sible variations specified above. 

(q) Black Spots in Bore. — Black spots in rough bore within 
2 inches of either face of the hub shall not exceed Vie inch in depth. 

(r) Eccentricity of Bore. — The eccentricity between the tread 
at its center line and the rough bore shall not exceed %± inch. 





Figure 1. — Diagram showing Points at which the Dimensions Covered by 
the Specifications Are Measured. For the Permissible Variations In 
these Dimensions, see Table I or see. 7. 



A. S. T. M.— STEEL WHEELS FOR STEAM RAILWAYS 



V. FINISH 

8. Finish, (a) The wheels shall be free from injurious defects 
and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

(b) Wheels shall not be offered for inspection if covered with 
paint, rust, or any other substance to such an extent as to hide 
defects. 

VI. MARKING 

9. Marking, (a) The name or brand of the manufacturer, 
date, and serial number shall be legibly stamped on each wheel in 
such a way that the wheel may be readily identified. 

(6) The tape size shall be legibly marked on each wheel. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

10. inspection, (a) The gages and tapes used shall be based 
on Master Car Builders' standards. 

(b) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free 
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser 
is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which 
concern the manufacture of the wheels ordered. The manu- 
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the wheels are being furnished in 
accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection at 
the place of manufacture shall be made prior to shipment. 

(c) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the acceptance 
or rejection of wheels in his own laboratory or elsewhere. Such 
tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the purchaser. 

(d) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to 
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

11. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 10 (c) shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(6) Wheels which show injurious defects while being finished 
by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be 
notified. 

12. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 10 (c), 
which represent rejected wheels, shall be preserved for two weeks 
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with 
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a 
rehearing within that time. 

95 s 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



Table I. — Permissible Variations in Dimensions of 


Wrought-Steel Wheels for Steam Railway Service. 


Dimensions 


Permissible Variations in 
Dimensions 


Over 


Under 


Flange 








w 

He" 

Vie" 







He" 

Vie" 


(c) Radius of Throat 


Kim 






(d) Thickness, from Inner Edge to Intersection of 










9ie" 


(e) Width 


H" 


(f) Maximum Departure of any Circle on Back Face 






Me" 
Me" 


(g) Maximum Departure of Tread from Rotundity. . . 


(h) Maximum Height of Block Marks on Tread 


V* 


" 


(i) Tape Sizes 


9 


5 


(j) Limit-of-Wear Groove: 






1. Maximum Departure from Specified Position 


X" . 


2. Minimum Distance from Inner Edge of Rim 


H" 


Plate 






(k) Thickness, Variation for each % inch of thickness . . 




':,," 


Hub 




Limited by 
vail thickness 


2. Minimum Thickness of "Wall, for Bore 7 inches 






13 


-i" 


3. Minimum Thickness of Wall, for Bore over 






15 




4. Maximum Variation in Thickness of Wall in 




any One Wheel 


} 


i" 









(n) Depression below Front Face of Rim 




H" 





Boke 










less than Finished Bore.) 








Mo" 


W 


(q) Maximum Depth of Black Spots in Rough Bore 






Vi 


a" 


(r) Maximum Eccentricity of Rough Bore in Relation 


to Tread 


K 


i" 





A. S. T. M.— STEEL WHEELS FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOB 

SOLID WROUGHT CARBON STEEL 
WHEELS FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAY SERVICE 

Serial Designation: A 25-16 



The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designation 
A 25; the final number indicates the year of original issue, or in the case of 
revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1913; Revised, 1916 

1. Classes. These specifications cover two classes of wheels, as 
follows: 

Class A 

Wheels furnished rough-bored with hub faced on both sides 
and other surfaces as rolled or forged. 

Class B 

Wheels furnished rough-bored with hubs faced on both sides, 
and front face of rim, tread, flange, and back face of rim machined. 

2. Basis of Purchase. The class of wheel to be furnished shall 
be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser. Wheels 
ordered to Class A may be machined if necessary, but the permis- 
sible variations from the dimensions specified shall remain those 
given in sec. 9 for Class A. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



I. MANUFACTURE 

3. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

4. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

5. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Acid Basic 

Carbon 0.60-0.80 per cent 0.G5-0.S5 per cent 

Manganese 0.55-0. SO " " 0.55-O.S0 " 

Phosphorus not over 0.05 " " not over 0.05 " 

Sulphur " " 0.05 " " " " 0.05 " 

Silicon 0.15-0.35 " " 0.10-0.30 " 

6. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the 
elements specified in sec. 5. This analysis shall be made from a 
test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined, together with such identifying 
records as may be desired, shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 5. 

7. Check Analyses. An anatysis may be made by the purchaser 
from a wheel representing each melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in 
sec. 5. A sample may be taken from any one point in the plate; 
or two samples may be taken, in which case they shall be on radii 
at right angles to each other. Samples shall not be taken in such 
a way as to impair the usefulness of the wheel. Drillings for 
analysis shall be taken by boring entirely through the sample 
parallel to the axis of the wheel; they shall be clean and free from 
scale, oil and other foreign substances. All drillings from any one 
wheel shall be thoroughly mixed together. 

III. MATING 

8. Mating. The wheels shall be mated as to tape sizes and 
shipped in pairs. 

IY. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN DIMENSIONS* 

9. Permissible Variations. The wheels shall conform to the 



*To facilitate the use of the specifications, the various dimensions are illustrated in fig. 
the permissible variations in those dimensions are also given in tabular form in Table I. 



A. S. T. M.— STEEL WHEELS FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS 



dimensions specified within the following permissible variations: 





Fig use 1. — Diagram showing Points at which the Dimensions Covered by 
the Specifications are Measured. For the Permissible Variations in 
these dimensions, see Table I or sec. 9. 

Flange 

(a) Height of Flange. — The height of flange shall not vary 
from that specified more than "Vxq inch for Class A or V&2 inch for 
Class B wheels. 

(6) Thickness of Flange. — The thickness of flange shall not 
vary from that specified more than Viq inch for Class A or Ys2 inch 
for Class B wheels. 

(c) Radius of Throat. — The radius of throat shall not vary 
from that specified more than %6 inch for Class A cr ~Vs2 inch for 
Class B wheels. 



Rim 

(d) Thickness of Rim. — The thickness of rim shall not vary 
more than J4 inch over nor more than 14, inch under that specified. 
The thickness of rim shall be measured from the inner edge of the 
rim to a base line drawn from the intersection of the throat radius 
and the tread, parallel to the axis of the wheel. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



(e) Width of Rim. — The width of rim shall not vary from 
that specified more than % inch for Class A or Vic inch for Class B 
wheels. 

(/) Plane. — The wheels shall be gaged with a ring gage placed 
concentric with and perpendicular to the axis of the wheel. For 
all points on the back of the rim equidistant from the center, the 
variation from the plane of the gage when so placed shall not 
exceed Vie inch for Class A or Y32 inch for Class B wheels. 

(g) Rotundity. — The tread shall be gaged with a ring gage, 
and the opening between the tread and this gage at any point 
shall not exceed Yi6 inch for Class A wheels or V<>4 inch for Class B 
wheels. 

(h) Block Marks on Tread. — Block marks shall not exceed 
V 6 4 inch in height. 

(i) Tape Sizes. — Wheels with treads under 3 inches in width 
shall not vary more than 6 tapes over nor more than 4 tapes under 
the size specified. Wheels with treads 3 inches or over in width shall 
not vary more than 9 tapes over nor more than 5 tapes under the 
size specified. 

(J) Limit-of-Wear Groove. — When a limit-of-wear groove is 
specified, its location shall not vary more than Via inch from that 
specified. 

Plate 
(k) Thickness of Plate. — The plate may vary in thickness, but 
the variation less than that specified shall not exceed M$2 inch for 
each Y% inch in the thickness of the plate. 

Hub 

(I) Diameter of Hub. — The diameter of hub shall not be less 
but may be % inch more than that specified. The thickness of 
wall of the finished bored hub shall not be less than 1 inch at any 
point for bores G inches or under in diameter, nor less than 1 finches 
for bores over G inches in diameter, unless otherwise specified. The 
thickness of wall of the hub shall not vary more than Jg inch at 
any two points on the same wheel. 

(m) Length of Hub. — The length of hub shall not vary more 
than }4 inch from that specified. 

(0) Projection of Hub. — The projection of the hub beyond 
the back face of the rim shall not vary more than ^io inch from 
that specified. 



A. S. T. M.— STEEL WHEELS FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS 



Bore 

(p) Diameter of Rough Bore. — The diameter of rough bore 
shall not vary more than Viq inch over nor more than }/% inch under 
that specified. When finished-bore diameter only is specified, 
the rough-bore diameter shall be made M inch less with the permis- 
sible variations specified above. 

(q) Black Spots in Bore. — Black spots in rough bore within 
2 inches of either face of the hub shall not exceed Vie inch in depth. 

(r) Eccentricity of Bore. — The eccentricity between the tread 
at its center line and the rough bore shall not exceed %4 inch. 



V. FINISH 

10. Finish, (a) The wheels shall be free from injurious defects 
and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

(b) Wheels shall not be offered for inspection if covered with 
paint, rust or any other substance to such an extent as to hide 
defects. 

VI. MARKING 

11. Marking, (a) The name or brand of the manufacturer, 
date, and serial number, shall be legibly stamped on each wheel in 
such a way that the wheel may be readily identified. 

(b) The tape size shall be legibly marked on each wheel. 



VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

12. Inspection, (a) The manufacturer shall provide suitable 
gages and tapes, which shall conform to the contour and dimensions 
specified. 

(6) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free 
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is 
being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which 
concern the manufacture of the wheels ordered. The manufacturer 
shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable facilities to 
satisfy him that the wheels are being furnished in accordance with 
these specifications. Tests and inspection at the place of manu- 
facture shall be made prior to shipment. 

(c) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the acceptance 
or rejection of wheels in his own laboratory or elsewhere. Such 
tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the purchaser. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



(d) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to 
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

13. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 12 (c) shall be reported 
within ten working days from receipt of samples. 

(b) Wheels which show injurious defects while being finished 
by purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be 
notified. 

14. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 12 (c), 
which represent rejected wheels, shall be preserved for one month 
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with 
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a 
rehearing within that time. 



A. S. T. M.— STEEL WHEELS FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS 



Table I. — Permissible Variations in Dimensions of 
Wrought Steel Wheels for Electric Railway Service 



Permissible Variations in 
Dimensions 



Over Under 



(a) Height 

(b) Thickness 

(c) Radius of Throat . 



(d) Thickness, from Inner Edge to Intersection 

of Throat and Tread 

(e) Width 

(f) Maximum Departure of any Circle on Back 

Pace from Plane 



(g) Maximum Departure of Tread from 

Rotundity 

(h) Maximum Height of Block Marks on Tread 
(i) Tape Sizes: 

1. For Treads under 3 inches in Width 

2. For Treads 3 inches or over in Width 
(j) Limit-of-Wear Groove: Maximum De- 
parture from Specified Position 



Plate 

(k) Thickness, Variation for each 14 inch of 
Thickness 



Hub 



(m) 
(o) 



1. Diameter 

2. Minimum Thickness of Wall, for Bore 

6 inches or under 

3. Minimum Thickness of Wall, for Bore 

over 6 inches 

4. Maximum Variation in Thickness of 

Wall in any One Wheel 

Length 

Projection beyond Back Face of Rim 



(If not specified, Rough Bore shall be 
}4 inch less than Finished Bore.) 

Diameter of Rough Bore 

Maximum Depth of Black Spots in Rough 
Bore within 2 inches of End of Bore 

Maximum Eccentricity of Rough Bore in 
Relation to Tread 



Via" 
Vie" 



Vie" 
yie" 
Vie" 



X" w 
W H' 



y 6 ±" 



Yie" 



M" 

1" 
IK" 



Yie" 



Mo" 
%i" 



YS2" 
Y32" 

Ysz" 



K" W 
Yig" Via 



YS2' 



w 



. . % 2 " 



1" 
IK' 



Vs" 
Yiv" Via' 



Yie" 



Vi" 



8 0i' 



103 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association fou Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

BOILER RIVET STEEL 

Serial Designation: A 31-14. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 31; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1909. 1912, 1913. 1914. 

A. Requirements for Rolled Bars. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

2. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Manganese 0.30-0.50 per cent 

Phosphorus not over 0.04 " " 

Sulphur " " 0.045 '* 

3. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, 
manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. This analysis shall be made 
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 



104 



A. S. T. M.— BOILER RIVET STEEL 



composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 2. 

4. Check Analyses. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from 
finished bars representing each melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in sec. 2. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES _ AND TESTS 

5. Tension Tests, (a) The bars shall conform to the following 
requirements as to tensile properties: 

Tensile strength lb. per sq. inch 45,000-55,000 

Yield point, min lb. per sq. inch 0.5 tens. str. 

Elongation in 8 inches, min per cent 1,500,000 

but need not exceed 30 per cent. tens. str. 

(6) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 

6. Bend Tests, (a) Cold-bend Tests. — The test specimen shall 
bend cold through 180 degrees flat on itself without cracking on 
the outside of the bent portion. 

(b) Quench-bend Tests. — The test specimen, when heated to 
a light cherry red as seen in the dark (not less than 1200° F.) and 
quenched at once in water the temperature of which is between 80° 
and 90° F., shall bend through 180 degrees flat on itself without 
cracking on the outside of the bent portion. 

7. Test Specimens. Tension-and bend-test specimens shall be of 
the full-size section of bars as rolled. 

8. Number of Tests, (a) Two tension-, two cold-bend-, and two 
quench-bend tests shall be made from each melt, each of which 
shall conform to the requirements specified. 

(6) If any test specimen develops flaws, it may be discarded 
and another specimen substituted. 

(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 5 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is outside the middle third of the gage length, as indicated- by 
scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a retest 
shall be allowed. 

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN GAGE 

9. Permissible Variations. The gage of each bar shall not vary 
more than 0.01 inch from that specified. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



V. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 

10. Workmanship. The finished bars shall be circular within 
0.01 inch. 

11. Finish. The finished bars shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 



VI. MARKING 

12. Marking. Rivet bars shall, when loaded for shipment, be 
properly separated and marked with the name or brand of the 
manufacturer and the melt number for identification. The melt 
number shall be legibly marked on each test specimen. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

13. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the bars ordered. The 
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the bars are being furnished in accord- 
ance with these specifications. All tests (except check analyses) 
and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to 
shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted 
as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

14. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 4 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(6) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

15. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 4, which 
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two weeks from the 
date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results 
of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing 
within that time. 

B. Requirements for Rivets. 

I. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

16. Tension Tests. The rivets, when tested, shall conform to the 
requirements as to tensile properties specified in sec. 5, except 

106 



A. S. T. M.— BOILER RIVET STEEL 



that the elongation shall be measured on a gage length not less 
than four times the diameter of the rivet. 

17. Bend Tests. The rivet shank shall bend cold through 180 
degrees flat on itself, as shown in fig. 1, without cracking on the 
outside of the bent portion. 

18. Flattening Tests. The rivet head shall flatten, while hot, to 
a diameter 23^ times the diameter of the shank, as shown in fig. 2, 
without cracking at the edges. 




Figure 1. 



Figure 2. 



19. Number of Tests, (a) When specified, one tension test shall 
be made from each size in each lot of rivets offered for inspection. 

(b) Three bend-and three flattening tests shall be made from 
each size in each lot of rivets offered for inspection, each of which 
shall conform to the requirements specified. 

II. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 

20. Workmanship. The rivets shall be true to form, concentric, 
and shall be made in a workmanlike manner. 

21. Finish. The finished rivets shall be free from injurious 
defects. 

III. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

22. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the rivets ordered. The 
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the rivets are being furnished in 
accordance with these specifications. All tests and inspection 
shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, 
unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted as not to 
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

23. Rejection. Rivets which show injurious defects subsequent 
to their acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, 
and the manufacturer shall be notified. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

CARBON STEEL AND ALLOY STEEL 

FORGINGS 

Serial Designation: A18-16. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 18; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1901; Revised, 1905, 1914, 1916. 

1. Classes, (a) These specifications cover the various classes 
of carbon-steel and alloy-steel forgings now commonly used ami 
not covered by other existing specifications of the American 
Society for Testing Materials. 

(6) The purposes for which these classes are frequently used 
are as follows: 

Class A, for forgings which may be welded or case-hardened; 

Class B, for mild-steel forgings for structural purposes, for 
minor ship fittings, etc.; 

Class C, for mild-steel forgings for structural purposes, for 
ships, etc.; 

Classes D, E, F, G, H and I, for various machinery forgings, 
choice depending upon design and upon the stresses and services 
to be imposed. 



A. S. T. M.— CARBON STEEL AND ALLOY STEEL FORQINQS 



Classes K, L and M for various machinery forgings, choice 
depending upon design and upon the stresses and services to be 
imposed, and upon the character of machining operations to be 
done. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

2. Process. The steel may be made by the open-hearth or any 
other process approved by the purchaser. 

3. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 

4. Prolongations for Tests. The manufacturer and the purchaser 
shall agree upon forgings on which a prolongation for test purposes 
shall be provided. 

5. Boring. If boring is specified, the diameter of the hole shall 
be at least 20 per cent of the maximum outside diameter or thick- 
ness of the forging, exclusive of collars and flanges. 

6. Heat Treatment. Heat treatment, if required, shall consist of 
either annealing or quenching-and-tempering, as specified. 

(a) For annealing, the forgings shall be allowed to become 
cold after forging. They shall then be uniformly reheated to the 
proper temperature to refine the grain (a group thus reheated 
being known as an "annealing charge"); and allowed to cool 
uniformly. 

(b) For quenching-and-tempering, the forgings shall be 
allowed to become cold after forging. They shall then be uni- 
formly reheated to the proper temperature to refine the grain 
(a group thus reheated being known as a "quenching charge"), and 
quenched in some medium under substantially uniform conditions 
for each quenching charge. Finally, they shall be uniformly 
reheated to the proper temperature for tempering or "drawing 
back" (a group thus reheated being known as a "tempering 
charge"), and allowed to cool uniformly. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

7. Chemical Composition, (a) The steel shall conform to the 
following requirements as to chemical composition: 



Elements 
Considered 



A, B,C,D,E,F,G, 

Per Cent Per Cent 



Classes 

H,I, 

Per Cent 



K, L, 
Per Cent 



M, 

Per Cent 



Manganese. 
Phosphorus 

Acid 

Basic 

Sulphur 

Nickel 



0.30-0.55 0.40-0.80 

Not over 0.05 Not over 0.05 
" " 0.05 " " 0.05 
" " 0.05 " " 0.05 



0.40-0.S0 

Not over 0.04 
" " 0.04 
" " 0.05 

Not under 3.00 



Not over 0.05;Not over 0.04 
" 0.04 " " 0.04 
" 0.05 " " 0.05 



CARNEQIE STEEL COMPANY 



(b) The composition of alloy steel, other than phosphorus 
and sulphur, to be used in forgings of classes K, L and M, shall be 
agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser.* 

8. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carbon, 
manganese and the elements specified in sec. 7. This analysis 
shall be made from a test ingot taken during the pouring of 1 lie 
melt. The chemical composition thus determined shall be reported 
to the purchaser or his representative and shall conform to the 
requirements specified in sec. 7. 

9. Check Analyses. An analysis may be made by the purchaser 
from a forging representing each melt. The chemical composition 
thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in 
sec. 7. Drillings for analysis may be taken from the forging or 
from a full-size prolongation of the same, at any point midway 
between the center and surface of solid forgings, and at any point 
midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the wall of bored 
forgings; or turnings may be taken from a test specimen. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

10. Tension Tests, (a) The forgings shall conform to the 
requirements as to tensile properties specified in Tables I, II and 
III. 

(b) The classification by size of the forging shall be determined 
by the specified diameter or thickness which governs the size of 
the prolongation from which the test specimen is taken. 

(c) , The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the '• 
beam of the testing machine. 

*The question of chemical composition of the several types of alloy steels is not yet sufficiently 
standardized to warrant the inclusion of formal requirements covering chemical composition of such J 
alloy steels in standard specifications. 

The following compositions are quoted as being as nearly typical as any now regularly 
manufactured: 





Chrome-Vanadium Chrome-Nickel Chromium 
Steel Steel Steel 


Considered 


Classes Class Classes 

K, L, M, K, L, 

Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 


Class 

M, 

Per Cent 


Classes 

K, L, 

Per Cent 


Carbon 

Manganese.. . 

Chromium . . . 


0.28-0.42 0.35-0.50 0.28-0.42 
0.40-0.70 0.50-0.90 0.40-0.70 
0.75-1.25 0.75-1.25 Notunder0.70 


6.35-O50 

0.50-0.90 
Not under 0.70 


0.28-0. IJ 
0. in 0.70 
0.60 0.90 


Nickel 


| Not under 1.25 


Not under 2.75 





A. S. T. M.— CARBON STEEL AND ALLOY STEEL FORQINQS 



(<2) The elastic limit called for by these specifications shall be 
determined by an extensometer reading to 0.0002 inch. The 
extensometer shall be attached to the specimen at the gage marks 
and not to the shoulders of the specimen ncr tc any part of the 
testing machine. When the specimen is in place and the extenso- 
meter attached, the testing machine shall be operated so as to 
increase the load on the specimen at a uniform rate. The observer 
shall watch the elongation of the specimen as shown by the extenso- 
meter and shall note, for this determination, the load at which 
the rate of elongation shows a sudden increase. The extensometer 
shall then be removed from the specimen, and the test continued 
to determine the tensile strength. 

(e) Tests of forgings shall be made only after final treatment. 

11. Tension-Test Specimens, (a) Tension-test specimens shall be 
taken from a full-size prolongation of any forging. For forgings 
with large ends or collars, the prolongation may be of the same 
cross-section as that of the forging back of the large end or collar. 
Specimens may be taken from the forging itself with a hollow 
drill, if approved by the purchaser. 

(&) The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point 
midway between the center and surface of solid forgings, and at 
any point midway between the inner and outer surfaces of the 
wall of bored forgings, and shall be parallel to the axis of the 
forging in the direction in which the metal is most drawn out. 

(c) Test specimens shall conform to dimensions shown in 
fig. 1. The ends shall be of a form to fit the holders of the testing 
machine in such a way that the load shall be axial. 



K- 2V4- ->- 

i gj Radius not less than Vs \ 



0.50'' 



^ 2 "Gage length- 



NOTE: — The gage length, parallel portions and fillets shall be as shown, but 
the ends may be of any form which will fit the holders of the 
testing machine. 



Figure 1. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



12. Number of Tests. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, 

tests shall be made as follows: 

(a) For untreated forgings, one tension test shall be made from 
each melt. 

(6) For annealed forgings, one tension test shall be made from 
each annealing charge. If more than one melt is represented in 
an annealing charge, one tension test shall be made from each melt. 

(c) For quenched-and-tempered forgings, one tension test shall 
be made from each tempering charge. If more than one quenching 
charge is represented in a tempering charge, one tension test shall 
be made from each quenching charge. If more than one melt is 
represented in a quenching charge, one tension test shall be made 
from each melt. 

(d) If mote than one class of forgings by size is represented in 
any lot, one tension test from a forging of each class by size shall 
be made as specified in sec. 10 and 11. 

(e) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

(/) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 10 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is more than % inch from the center of the gage length, as indi- 
cated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, 
a retest shall be allowed. 

13. Retests. (a) If the results of the physical tests of any test lot 
of forgings in Classes A to I, inclusive, do not conform to t he 
requirements specified, the manufacturer may re-treat such lot, one or 
more times, and retests shall be made as specified in sec. 12. 

(b) If the results of the physical tests of any test lot of forgings 
in Classes K, L or M do not conform to the requirements specified, 
the manufacturer may retemper or requench and temper such lot, but 
no more than three additional times unless authorized by the 
purchaser, and retests shall be made as specified in sec. 12. 

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 

14. Workmanship. The forgings shall conform to the sizes and 
shapes specified by the purchaser. When centered, 60-degree 
centers with clearance drilled for points shall be used. 

15. Finish. The forgings shall be free from injurious defects 
and shall have a w r orkmanlike finish. 

112 



A. S. T. M.— CARBON STEEL AND ALLOY STEEL FORCINGS 



V. MARKING 

16. Marking. Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on 
each forging and on each test specimen. The purchaser shall 
indicate the location of such identification marks. 

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

17. Inspection, (a) The inspector representing the purchaser 
shall have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of 
the purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the forgings ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the forgings are being furnished in 
accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection at the 
place of manufacture shall be made prior to shipment. 

(6) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the acceptance 
or rejection of the forgings in his own laboratory or elsewhere. 
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the purchaser. 

(c) Tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to inter- 
fere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

18. Rejection. . (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 17 (6) shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(b) Forgings which show injurious defects while being finished 
by the purchaser will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be 
notified. 

19. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 17 (&), 
which represent rejected forgings, shall be preserved for two weeks 
from the date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with 
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a 
rehearing within that time. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



Table I. — Tensile Properties (Classes A to F, inclusive) 



Class 



Outside 
Diameter 



Over-all 
Thickness 



Tensile 
Strength, 
min. 
(except 
Class A), 
Pounds 

per 
Sq. Inch 



Yield 
Point, 



Sq. Inch 



Elon gation 

in 2 Inches, min., 

Per Cent 



Reduction 

of Area, min., 

Per Cent 



Inverse 
Ratio 



Not Inverse Not 

under Ratio under 



FORGINGS WHOSE MAXIMUM OUTSIDE DlAMETEP. OR OVER-ALL THICKNESS IS 


NOT O'ER 20 


scnr.s 


A f 

Untreated ', 


All sizes 


47,000 

to 
60,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1,500,000 
tens. str. 


.. 


2,500.000 
tens. str. 




B 

Untreated 


Not over 

12 inches 

Over 

12 to 20 inches, 

inclusive 


60,000 
60,000 


0.5 tens. str. 
0.5 tens. str. 


1,550,000 
tens. str. 
1,480,000 

tens. str. 


22 
21 


2.400,000 
tens. str. 
2,220,000 
tens. str. 


35 
32 


f 

c 


Not over 
12 inches 


60,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1,700,000 
tens. str. 


25 


2,700,000 
tens. str. 


38 


Annealed | 


Over 

12 to 20 inches, 

inclusive 


60,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1,600,000 
tens. str. 


24 


2,520,000 
tens. str. 


36 




Not over 
8 inches 


75,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1,600,000 

tens. str. 


18 


2,200,000 
tens. str. 


24 


D 

Untreated' 


Over 

8 to 12 inches, 
inclusive 


75,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1,500,000 
tens. str. 


17 


2,000,000 
tens, str. 


22 




Over 

12 to 20 inches, 


75,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1,400,000 
tens. str. 


16 


1,800,000 
tens. str. 


20 




Not over 
8 inches 


75,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1,800,000 
tens. str. 


20 


2,800,000 
tens. str. 


33 


E 

Annealed < 


Over 

8 to 12 inches, 

inclusive 


75,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1,725,000 
tens. str. 


19 


2,640,000 
tens. str. 


31 




Over 

12 to 20 inches, 

inclusive 


75,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1,650.000 

tens. str. 


18 


2.400,000 
tens. str. 


29 




Not over 
8 inches 


80,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


tens. str. 


20 


tens. str. 


32 


F 

Annealed 


Over 

8 to 12 inches, 
inclusive 


80,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


1 725.000 
tens. str. 


L9 


2,640,000 
tens. str. 


30 




Over 

12 to 20 inches, 

inclusive 


80,000 


0.5 tens. str. 


l.nr.o.ooo 

tens. str. 


18 


2,400,000 
tens. str. 


28 



A. S. T. M.— CARBON STEEL AND ALLOY STEEL FORQINQS 



Table II. — T nsile Properties 


(Classes G, H and I) 




Class 


Size 


Tensile 

Strength, 

Min., 

Pounds 

per 
Sq. Inch 


Elastic 
Limit 
Min., 

Pounds 
per 

Sq. Inch 


Elongation 

in 2 Inches, Min. 

Per Cent 


Reduction 

of Area, Min., 

Per Cent 


Inverse 
Ratio 


Not 
under 


Inverse 
Ratio 


Not 
under 



FORGINGS WHOSE MAXIMUM OUTSIDE DlAMETER OR THICKNESS IS NOT OVER 10 INCHES WHEN SOLID, 
AND NOT OVER 20 INCHES WHEN BORED 



G 

Quenched 

and 
Tempered 



Up to 4 inches 
outside diameter 
or thickness, 
2-inch max. wall 

Over 4 to 7 inc 
outside diameter 
or thickness, 
32-inch max. wall 

Over 7 to 10 in 
outside diameter 
or thickness, 
5-inch max. wall 

Outside diameter 
or thickness 
not over 20 ins. 
5 to 8-inch wall 



50,000 



50,000 



1,800,000 



3.000,000 
tens. str. 



FORGINGS WHOSE MAXIMUM OUTSIDE DlAMETER OR OVER-ALL THICKNESS IS NOT OVER 20 INCHES 




' Outside diameter 














H 


[ over-all thickness 
i not over 12 inches 


80,000 


50,000 


2,000,000 
tens. str. 


22 


3,000,000 
tens. str. 


40 




Outside diameter 














Annealed 


or 

over-all thickness 
1 over 12 to 20 






1,900,000 




3,400,000 






inches, inclusive . 


80,003 


50,000 


tens. str. 


21 


tens. str. 


38 



FORGINGS WHOSE MAXIMUM OUTSIDE DlAMETER OR THICKNESS IS NOT OVER 10 INCHES WHEN SOLID , 
. AND NOT OVER 20 INCHES WHEN BORED 





Up to 4 inches 
















outside diameter 
















or thickness, 






2,200,000 




4,500,000 






2-inch max. wall. 


100,000 


70,000 




20 


tens. str. 


41 




Over 4 to 7 inches 














I 


outside diameter 














Nickel 


or thickness, 






2,100,000 




4,300,000 




Steel, 
Quenched' 


3|-inch max. wall 


100,000 


65,000 


tens. str. 


21) 


tens. str. 


41 


and 


Over 7 to 10 inches 














Tempered 


outside diameter 
or thickness 






2,000,000 




4,100,000 






5-inch max. wall 


90,000 


60,000 


tens. str. 


20 


tens. str. 


41 




Outside diameter 
















or thickness 
















not over 20 ins., 






1,900,000 




3,900,000 






5 to 8-inch wall 


85,000 


55,000 


tens. str. 


20 


tens. str. 


41 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



Table III. — Tensile Properties (Classes K, L and M) 



Phe 



Tensile 
Btrength, 
Pounds per 
Sq. Inch 



Elongation Reduction 



of Area, 
Minimum, Minimum, 



Minimum, 

TEW IVr,v "* ' Vr "" , 



FORGINGS WHOSE MAXIMUM OrTSIDE DlAMETER OR THICKNESS IS NOT OVER 10 INCHES WHEN SOLID, 
AND NOT OVER 20 INCHES WHEN BORED 



K 

Alloy 

Steel, 
Quenched 

and 
Tempered 



L 

Allot 
Steel, 

Quenched 
and 

Tempered 



M 

Alloy 

Steel, 

Quenched 

AND 

Tempered 



Up to 2 inches 
outside diameter or thickness 
1-inch max. wall 



Over 2 to 4 inches 
outside diameter or thickness 
2-inch max. wall 



Over 4 to 7 inches 
outside diameter or thijkr 
3 ' o-inch max. wall 



Over 7 to 10 inches 
outside diameter or thickness 
5-inch max. wall 



Outside diameter or 
thickness not over 20 inches, 
5 to 8-inch wall 



Up to 2 inches 

outside diameter or thickness. 
1-inch max. wall 



Over 2 to 4 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 
2-inch max. wall 



Over 4 to 7 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 
3>2-inch max. wall 



Over 7 to 10 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 
5-inch max. wall 



Outside diameter or 
thickness not over 20 inche 
5 to 8-inch wall 



Up to 2 inches 

outside diameter or thickness, 
1-inch max. wall 



Over 2 to 4 inches 
outside diameter or thickness, 
2-inch max. wall 



Over 4 to 7 inches 
outsi ie diameter or thickness 
3J-2-inch max. wall 



Over 7 to 10 inches 
outside diameter or thickness 
5-inch max. wall 



Outside diameter or 
thickness not over 20 inches, 
5 to 8-inch wall 



95,000-115 000 


70,000 


20 


90,000-110,000 


65,000 


20 


90,000-110,000 


65,000 


2C 


90,000-110,000 


65,000 


20 


85,000-105,000 


60,000 


20 


105,000-125,000 


80,000 


20 


100,000-120,000 


75,000 


20 


100,000-120,000 


75,000 


20 


100,000-120,000 


75,000 


18 


95,000-115,000 


70,000 


18 


125,000 


105,000 


16 


115,000 


95,000 


16 


110,000 


85,000 


16 


100,000 


75,000 


18 


100,000 


70,000 


18 



A. S. T. M.— CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT BARS 



AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 

AFFILIATED WITH THE 

International Association for Testing Materials 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOE 

BILLET STEEL 
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT BARS 

Serial Designation: A 15- 14. 

The specifications for this material are issued under the fixed designa- 
tion A 15; the final number indicates the year of original issue or, in the case 
of revision, the year of last revision. 

Adopted, 1911; Revised, 1912, 1913, 1914. 

1. Classes, (a) These specifications cover three classes of 
billet steel concrete reinforcement bars, namely: plain, deformed 
and cold-twisted. 

(6) Plain and deformed bars are of three grades, namely: 
structural steel, intermediate and hard. 

2. Basis of Purchase, (a) The structural steel grade shall be 
used unless otherwise specified. 

(b) If desired, cold-twisted bars may be purchased on the 
basis of tests of the hot-rolled bars before twisting, in which case 
such tests shall govern and shall conform to the requirements 
specified for plain bars of structural steel grade. 

I. MANUFACTURE 

3. Process, (a) The steel may be made by the bessemer-or 
the open-hearth process.. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



(6) The bars shall be rolled from new billets. No rerolled 
material will be accepted. 

4. Cold-twisted Bars. Cold-twisted bars shall be twisted cold 
with one complete twist in a length not over 12 times the thickness 
of the bar. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

5. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 



PhOSph ° rUS iopen-hearth. 



not over 0.10 per cent 
. " " 0.05 " " 



6. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made 
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of carl ion, 
manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. This analysis shall be made 
from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified 
in sec. 5. 

7. Check Analyses. Analyses may be made by the purchaser from 
finished bars representing each melt of open-hearth steel, and each 
melt, or lot of ten tons, of bessemer steel. The phosphorus content 
thus determined shall not exceed that specified in sec. 5 by more than 
25 per cent. 

III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

8. Tension Tests, (a) The bars shall conform to the following 
requirements as to tensile properties: 

Tensile Properties 



Properties 
Considered 


Plain Bars 


Deformed Bars 


Cold- 


Structural- 
Steel 
Grade 


Inter- 
mediate 
Grade 


Hard 
Grade 


Structural- 
Steel 
Grade 


Inter- 
mediate 
Grade 


Hard 
Grade 


twisied 
Bars 


Tensile strength, 
lb. per sq. inch 

Yield point, min., 
lb. per sq. inch 

Elongation in 
8 inches, min., 
per cenl 


55,000 

to 
70,000 

33,000 

1,400,000a 


70.000 

to 
85,000 

40,000 
1,300,000a 


80,000 
min. 

50,000 
1,200,000a 


55,000 

to 
70,000 

33,000 


70.000 

to 
85,000 

40,000 
1,125,000a 


80,000 
min. 

50,000 

1,000,000a 


Recorded 
only 

55,000 
5 


tens. str. 


tens. str. 


tens. str. 


tens. str. 


tens. str. 


tens. str. 



a See sec. 9. 



A. S. T. M.— CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT BARS 

(&) The yield point shall be determined by the drop of the 
beam of the testing machine. 

9. Modifications in Elongation, (a) For plain and deformed bars 
over Y± inch in thickness or diameter, a deduction of 1 from the 
percentages of elongation specified in sec. 8 (a) shall be made for 
each increase of % inch in thickness or diameter above % inch. 

(b) For plain and deformed bars under 7 Ae inch in thickness 
or diameter, a deduction of 1 from the percentages of elongation 
specified in sec. 8 (a) shall be made for each decrease of Vie inch 
in thickness or diameter below 7 Aq inch. 

10. Bend Tests. The test specimen shall bend cold around a pin 
without cracking on the outside of the bent portion, as follows: 

Bend Test Requirements 



Thickness 
or 


Plain Bars 


Deformed Bars 


Cold- 


Diameter 
of 
Bar 


Structural- 
Grade 


Inter- 
mediate 
Grade 


Hard 
Grade 


Structural- 
Steel 
Grade 


Inter- 
mediate 
Grade 


Hard 
Grade 


twisted 
Bars 


Under % inch 

% inch 
or over. . . . 


180 deg. 
d=t 

180 deg. 
d=t 


180 deg. 
d=2t 

90 deg. 
d=2t 


180 deg. 
d=3t 

90 deg. 
d=3t 


180 deg. 
d=t 

180 deg. 
d=2t 


180 deg. 
d=3t 

90 deg. 
d=3t 


180 deg. 
d=4t 

90 deg. 
d=4t 


ISO deg. 
d=2t. 

180 deg. 
d=3t 



Explanatory Note: d = the diameter of pin about which the specimen is bent; 
t = the thickness or diameter of the specimen. 



11. Test Specimens, (a) Tension-and bend-test specimens for 
plain and deformed bars shall be taken from the finished bars, and 
shall be of the full thickness or diameter of bars as rolled; except 
that the specimens for deformed bars may be machined for a 
length of at least 9 inches, if deemed necessary by the manufacturer 
to obtain uniform cross-section. 

(b) Tension-and bend-test specimens for cold-twisted bars 
shall be taken from the finished bars, without further treatment; 
except as specified in sec. 2 (6). 

12. Number of Tests, (a) One tension-and one bend test shall 
be made from each melt of open-hearth steel, and from each melt, 
or lot of ten tons, of bessemer steel; except that if material from 
one melt differs % inch or more in thickness or diameter, one 
tension-and one bend test shall be made from both the thickest 
and the thinnest material rolled. 

(b) If any test specimen shews defective machining or develops 
flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted. 

119 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension-test specimen 
is less than that specified in sec. 8 (a) and any part of the fracture 
is outside -the middle third of the gage length, as indicated by 
scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a retest 
shall be allowed. 

IV. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT 

13. Permissible Variationa. The weight of any lot of bars shall not 
vary more than 5 per cent from the theoretical weight of that lot. 

V. FINISH 

14. Finish. The finished bars shall be free from injurious defects 
and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

VI. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

15. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the bars ordered. The 
manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the bars are being furnished in accord- 
ance with these specifications. All tests (except check analyses) 
and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior 
to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted 
as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

16. Rejection, (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection 
based on tests made in accordance with sec. 7 shall be reported 
within five working days from the receipt of samples. 

(b) Bars which show injurious defects subsequent to their 
acceptance at the manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the 
manufacturer shall be notified. 

17. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance with sec. 7, which 
represent rejected bars, shall be preserved for two weeks from the 
date of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results 
of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing 
within that time. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 
FORGED AND ROLLED CARBON STEEL WHEELS 



MINE AND INDUSTRIAL LOCOMOTIVES 



January 1, 1917 
I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

2. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Carbon 0.65 to 0.85 per cent 

Manganese 0.55 to 0.S0 " " 

Phosphorus not to exceed 0.05 " 

Sulphur not to exceed 0.05 " 

Silicon 0.10 to 0.30 " 

4. Ladle Analyses. -An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the 
elements specified in sec. 3. This analysis shall be made from a 
test ingot taken during the pouring of each melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined, together with such identifying 
records as may be desired, shall be reported to the purchaser or his 
representative, and shall conform to the requirements in sec. 3. 

122 



C. S. CO.— WHEELS FOR INDUSTRIAL LOCOMOTIVES 



III. MATING 

5. Mating. The wheels shall be mated as to tape sizes and 
shipped in pairs. 



IV. 



WORKMANSHIP AND PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS 
IN DIMENSIONS 



6. Workmanship and Permissible Variations. Wheels shall be furnished 
with contour of tread and flange machined and shall conform to 
the dimensions specified within the following permissible variations: 

r — F n ^ 

D 




Minimum 

q— y 32 " 

G— Vu" 
R— Ma" 

H— y 8 " 
T— %„" 
D— Vs" 



N D-* I 

Maximum 

Q— Height of Flange Q + Yss" 

G— Width of Flange G + % " 

R— Throat Radius R + Vie" 

H— Width of Rim 

T — Thickness of Rim 

D — Diameter of Rough Bore* D + Vio" 

E — Eccentricity of Bore to Tread .. E=% 4 " 

F — Hub Diameter — The diameter of hub may vary, but the thickness of wall of 
the finished bored hub shall not be less than 1 inch at any point for bores 
up to 6 inches, inclusive, l}-$ inches for bores over 6 inches to 7 inches, 
inclusive, and 1% inches for bores over 7 inches. 

S— Hub Length S + W' S— y 

L — Depression of Hubt L + y 8 " L — y s " 

K— Projection of Hubt K+ y 8 " K—*4" 

C — Circumference of Wheels C + 5 tapes C — 5 tapes 

Measured by Carnegie Steel Company's Standard Tape. 

*Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of rough bore shall be M inch less than that of the 
finished bore within these tolerances. 

t Where either face of hub is to be used for bearing purposes, dimensions K or L will be 
furnished + y inch maximum or — mi nim um. 

7. Black Spots in Hub. Black spots in rough bore within 2 inches 
of either face of the hub shall not exceed Vie inch in depth. 

8. Tape. All wheels shall be measured with the Carnegie 
Steel Company's tape, based on an M. C. B. tape, graduated in 
eighths of an inch with zero at seven feet. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



VII. INSPECTION 

11. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry at all times, while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the wheels ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the wheels are being furnished 
in accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection 
shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment. 

12. All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to 
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 



V. FINISH 

9. Finish, (a) The wheels shall be free from injurious 

defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

(6) Wheels shall not be offered for inspection if covered with 
paint, rust or any other substance to such an extent as to hide 
defects. 

VI. MARKING 

10. Marking, (a) The name or brand of the manufacturer 
and serial number shall be legibly stamped on each wheel in such 
a way that the wheel may be readily identified. 

(b) The tape size shall be legibly marked on each wheel. 



C. S. CO.— WHEELS FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 
FORGED AND ROLLED CARBON STEEL WHEELS 

FOR 

INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES 

January 1, 1917 

I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

2. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 



II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 

Carbon 0.65 to 0.85 per cent 

Manganese 0.55 to 0.80 " " 

Phosphorus not to exceed 0.05 " " 

Sulphur not to exceed 0.05 " " 

Silicon 0.10 to 0.30 " " 

4. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the 
elements specified in sec. 3. This analysis shall be made from a 
test ingot taken during the pouring of each melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined, together with such identifying 
records as may be desired, shall be reported to the purchaser or his 
representative, and shall conform to the requirements in sec. 3. 

125 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



III. 



WORKMANSHIP AND PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS 
IN DIMENSIONS 



5. Workmanship and Permissible Variations. The wheels may be 

furnished with contours as rolled, and shall conform to the dimen- 
sions specified within the following tolerances: 




Minimum 
Q— %>" 
G— %," 

II — "n-," 

T — :! i,i" 

d— y a " 



Maxim cm 

Q— Height of Flange Q+%s" 

G— Width of Flange G+%»" 

H— Width of Rim 

T — Thickness of Rim 

D — Diameter of Rough Bore* D + i l 6 " 

E — Eccentricity of Bore to Tread E=* / (U " 

F — Hub Diameter — The diameter of hub may vary, but the thickness of wall of 
the finished bored hub shall not be less than 1 inch at any point for bores 
up to 6 inchss, inclusive, l, 1 s inches for bores over 6 inches to 7 inches, in- 
clusive, and 1J s inches for bores over 7 inches. 

S —Hub Length S +3i„" S — ",,-." 

L — Depression of Hub L,+ S A«" L— %e" 

K — Projection of Hub K+%e" K — ^W 

C — Circumference of Wheels C + 9 tapes C — 6 tapes 

Measured by Carnegie Steel Company's Standard Tape. 

*Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of rough bore shall be H inch less than that of the 
finished bore within these tolerances. 



IV. FINISH 

G. Finish, (a) The wheels shall be free from injurious defects 
and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

(6) Wheels shall not be offered for inspection if covered with 
paint, rust or any other substance, to such an extent as to hide 
defcts. 

V. MARKING 
7. Marking. The name and brand of the manufacturer and 



C. S. CO.— WHEELS FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES 



serial number shall be legibly stamped on each wheel in such a way 
that the wheel may be readily identified. 



VI. INSPECTION 

8. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry at all times, while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the wheels ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the wheels are being furnished 
in accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection shall 
be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment. 

9. All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to 
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 
FORGED AND ROLLED CARBON STEEL BLANKS 



CRANE TRACK WHEELS 

January 1, 1917 
I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

2. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
limits in chemical composition: 

Carbon 0.G5 to 0.85 per cent 

Manganese 0.55 to 0.80 " 

Phosphorus not to exceed 0.05 " 

Sulphur " " " 0.05 " 

Silicon 0.10 to 0.30 ** 

4. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the 
elements specified in sec. 3. This analysis shall be made from a 
test ingot taken during the pouring of each melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined, together with such identifying 
records as may be desired, shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements in sec. 3. 



128 



C. S. CO.— CRANE TRACK GEAR BLANKS 



III. 



WOEKMANSHIP AND PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS 
IN DIMENSIONS 



5. Workmanhip and Permissible Variations. Double flange crane 
track wheel blanks shall be ordered either to drawing showing 
complete finished dimensions, including contour of tread and 
flanges, or to drawing showing finished dimensions, except for 
contour of tread and flanges, and shall be furnished rough-turned 
to finished rim and hub dimensions shown on drawing within the 
following tolerances: 




Maximum Minimum 

H— Width of Rim H+ \i" H— 0' 

T— Thickness of Rim T— %" 

D — Diameter of Rough Bore* D+Yio" D — V s " 

E— Eccentricity of Bore to Tread E=% 4 " 

F — Diameter of Hub — The diameter of hub may vary, but the thickness of wall of 
the finished bored hub shall not be less than 1 inch at any point for bores 
up to 6 inches, inclusive, lj^s inches for bores over 6 inches to 7 inches, in- 
clusive, and W% inches for bores over 7 inches. 

S —Hub Length : S + M" S — 0" 

K — Projection of Hub K+ y 8 " K — 0" 

L — Depression of Hub L + y&" L — 0" 

P— Diameter of Tread P + %" P + y&" 

N— Outside Diameter N + %" N+ V & " 

*Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of rough bore shall be \i inca less than that of the 
finished bore within these tolerances. 



IV. FINISH 

6. Finish, (a) The wheel blanks shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

(b) Wheel blanks shall not be offered for inspection if covered 
with paint, rust or any other substance to such an extent as to 
hide defects. 

129 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



V. MARKING 

7. Marking. Where practicable, the name or brand of the 
manufacturer and serial number shall be legibly stamped on each 
wheel blank in such a way that the wheel blank may be readily 
identified. 

VI. INSPECTION 

8. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry at all times, while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the wheel blanks ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the crane track wheel blanks are 
being furnished in accordance with these specifications. Tests and 
inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to 
shipment. 

9. All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to 
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 



C. S. CO.— SPUR GEAR BLANKS 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 
FORGED AND ROLLED CARBON STEEL BLANKS 



SPUR GEARS 

January 1, 1917 

I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

2. Discard. A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot 
to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

3. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 
requirements as to chemical composition: 



Elements 


Soft 
Grade for 

Case 
Hardened 

Gears 


Medium 
Grade for 
Untreated 
Gears 
When Ease of 
Machining 
is Desired 


Hard 
Grade for 
Untreated 
or Queneh- 
Hardened 




Per Cent 


Per Cent Per Cent 




0.10 to 0.25 
0.40 to 0.60 

0.05 

0.05 


0.35 to 0.50 j 0.55 to 0.65 




0.40 to 0.60 0.60 to 0.90 


Phosphorus not to exceed 

Sulphur., not to exceed 


0.05 0.05 
0.05 I 0.05 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



4. Ladle Analyses. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be 
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the 
elements specified in sec. 3. This analysis shall be made from a 
test ingot taken during the pouring of each melt. The chemical 
composition thus determined, together with such identifying 
records as may be desired, shall be reported to the purchaser or 
his representative, and shall conform to the requirements in sec. 3. 

A check analysis may be made by the purchaser from one gear 
blank representing each melt, and this analysis shall conform to the 
requirements specified in sec. 3, with the exception that the carbon 
must not be more than 0.02 per cent below nor more than 0.03 
per cent above the requirements shown in sec. 3. A sample may 
be taken from any one point in the plate; or two samples may be 
taken, in which case they shall be on radii at right angles to each 
other. Samples shall not be taken in such a way as to impair the 
usefulness of the gear blank. Drillings for analysis shall be taken 
by boring entirely through the sample parallel to the axis of the 
gear blank; they shall be clean and free from scale, oil and other 
foreign substances. All drillings from any cne gear blank shall 
be thoroughly mixed together. 



III. 



WORKMANSHIP AND PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS 
IN DIMENSIONS 



5. Workmanship and Permissible Variations. Gear blanks shall be 
ordered to drawing showing the finished dimensions, and shall be 
furnished rough-turned to finished rim and hub dimensions shown 
on drawing within the following tolerances: 




C. S. CO.— SPUR GEAR BLANKS 



Maximum Minimum 

H— Width of Face H+ M" H + y 8 " 

T — Thickness of Rim T + s/i 6 " T +Via" 

D — Diameter of Rough Bore* D + 1 /i c " D — y & " 

E — Eccentricity of Bore to Tread E=% 4 " 

F — Diameter of Hub F+M" F + y s " 

S —Length of Hub S + y s " S + y s " 

K— Projection of Hub K+ 3 /ie" K+^e" 

N— Outside Diameter N+ %" N + y a " 

*Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of rough bore shall be M inch less than that of the 
finished bore within these tolerances. 

IV. FINISH 

6. Finish, (a) The gear blanks shall be free from injurious 
defects and shall have a workmanlike finish. 

(b) Gear blanks shall not be offered for inspection if covered 
with paint, rust, or any other substance to such an extent as to 
hide defects. 

V. MARKING 

7. Marking. The name or brand of the manufacturer and 
serial number shall be legibly stamped on each gear blank in such 
a way that the blank may be readily identified; all marks shall be 
placed on the web. 

VI. INSPECTION 

8. Inspection. The inspector representing the purchaser shall 
have free entry at all times, while work on the contract of the 
purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's 
works which concern the manufacture of the gear blanks ordered. 
The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reason- 
able facilities to satisfy him that the gear blanks are being furnished 
in accordance with these specifications. Tests and inspection shall 
be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment. 

9. All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to 
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 



MASTER CAR BUILDERS' ASSOCIATION 



135 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



MASTER CAR BUILDERS' ASSOCIATION 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 



STEEL AXLES 

191G 
I. MANUFACTURE 

1. Process. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

2. Chemical Composition. The steel shall conform to the following 

requirements as to chemical composition: 

Carbon 0.3S-O.52 per cent 

Manganese 0.40-0. <H) " 

Phosphorus not over 0.05 " 

Sulphur " " 0.05 " 

3. Ladle Analyses. An analysis shall be made by the manu- 
facturer from a test ingot taken during the pouring of each melt, to 
determine the percentage of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, 
sulphur, and silicon. Drilhngs for analysis shall be taken not less 
than \i inch beneath the surface of the test ingot. A copy of this 
analysis shall be given the purchaser or his representative. This 
analysis shall conform to the requirements specified in sec. 2. 

4. Check Analyses. A check analysis shall be made from the 
finished material representing each melt, by the purchaser or his 
representative, and shall meet the requirements specified in sec. 2. 



13G 



-STEEL AXLES 



III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 

5. Drop Tests. The axles shall conform to the following drop- 
test requirements: 

(a) The test axle shall be so placed on the supports, three feet 
apart, that the tup will strike it midway between the ends. It shall 
be turned over after the first and third blows. When tested in 
accordance with the following conditions, the axle shall stand the 
specified number of blows without fracture, and the deflection 
after the first blow shall not exceed that specified in the following 
table: 



Size of Axle, 
Inches 


Weight of Tup, 2240 Pounds 
Supports 3 Feet Apart 


Journal 


Diameter 

at 

Center 


Height 

of 
Drop 


Number 

of 
Blows 


Maximum 

Permanent Set 

After First Blow 


4Mx 8 
5x9 
5J-3X10 
6 x 11 


4M 
5% 
5V 8 

6%6 


22 3^ Feet 
29 

34^ " 
41J^ " 


5 
5 
5 
5 


714 Inches 

5y 2 " 

*4J^ 



(6) Formulas: (1) The above heights of drop were derived 
from the following formula: 
H=d 2 , where 
H=height of drop, in feet 
d=diameter of axle in center, in inches 

(2) The above values for maximum permanent set after first 
blow were derived from the following formula: 

Maximum permanent set in inches= ( r-r-r — J -f- — , where 

L=length of axle in inches 

(c) The deflection is the difference between the distance from 
a straight edge to the middle point of the axle, measured before 
the first blow, and the distance measured in the same manner 
after the blow. The straight-edge shall rest only on the collars 
or the ends of the axle. 

*The value derived from the above formula for permanent set was 5 inches for the 6 x 11 axle, 
but the allowable permanent set was dropped to 4} 2 inches, as more nearly representing what would 
be obtained in practice. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



6. Drop-Test Machine. The anvil of the drop-test machine shall 
be supported on 12 springs, as shown on the M. C. B. drawings, and 
shall be free to move in a vertical direction, and shall weigh 17,500 
pounds. The radii of the striking face of the tup and of the supports 
shall be 5 inches. 

7. Number of Tests, (a) One drop-test shall be made from each 
melt. Unless otherwise specified, not less than 30 axles shall be 
offered from any one melt. 

(b) If the test axle passes the physical tests, the inspector 
shall draw a straight line 10 inches long, parallel with the axis of 
the axle, and starting with one end of it he shall prick-punch this 
line at several points. A piece, 6 inches long, shall be cut off from 
this same axle so as to leave some prick-punch marks on each piece 
of axle. Drillings for chemical analysis shall be taken by using a 
%-inch drill and drilling in the cut-off end 50 per cent of the distance 
from the center to the circumference and parallel with the axis of 
the axle. 

IV. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH 

8. Workmanship. All axles shall be made and finished in a 
workmanlike manner and all journals and wheel seats shall be 
rough-turned. In centering, unless otherwise specified, 60-degree 
centers shall be used with large diameter of countersink not less 
than % inch and with clearance drilled % inch deep. 

9. Finish. The axles shall be free from injurious defects and 
shall have a workmanlike finish. 



V. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS AND WEIGHTS 

10. Permissible Variations. The axle shall conform in size and 
shape to the standard M. C. B. drawings. Length shall not be 
less than shown and not more than %2 inch over. 



VI. MARKING AND STORING 

11. Marking. The manufacturer's name or brand, melt number 
and month and year when made shall be legibly stamped on each 
axle on the unfinished portion, unless otherwise specified. 

12. Storing. If, as a result of the inspection and tests, more 
axles are accepted than the order calls for, such accepted axles in 



M. C. B.— STEEL AXLES 



excess shall be stamped by the inspector with his own name, and 
will then be piled and allowed to remain in stock at the works, 
subject to further orders from the purchasing agent. On receipt 
of further orders, axles once accepted will not be subject to further 
test. In all cases the inspector will keep an accurate record of the 
melt numbers and the number of axles in each melt which are 
stored and will transmit this information with each report. 

VII. INSPECTION AND REJECTION 

13. Inspection, (a) The inspector shall examine each axle in 
each melt for workmanship, defects, and to see whether the axles 
conform to the dimensions given on the order or tracing, or whether 
they conform to the specifications. All axles not satisfactory in 
these respects shall not be considered further. If in this inspection 
defects are found which the manufacturer can remedy while the 
inspector is at the works, he may be allowed to correct such defects. 

(6) The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free 
entry, at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is 
being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer's works which 
concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The manu- 
facturer shall afford the inspector, free of cost, all reasonable 
facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in 
accordance with these specifications. 

(c) The purchaser may make the tests to govern the acceptance 
or rejection of the material in his own laboratory or elsewhere. 
Such tests, however, shall be made at the expense of the purchaser. 

(d) All tests and inspection shall be so conducted as not to 
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works. 

14. Rejection. Material which, subsequently to above tests at 
the mills or elsewhere, and its acceptance develops any imperfec- 
tions, shall be rejected and shall be replaced by the manufacturer 
at his own expense. 

15. Rehearing. Samples tested in accordance w^th this specifica- 
tion, which represent rejected material, shall be preserved for 14 
days from date of test report. In case of dissatisfaction with 
results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing 
within that time. 



AMERICAN RAILWAY ENGINEERING 
ASSOCIATION 



CARNEQIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN RAILWAY ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION 



GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS 



STEEL RAILWAY BRIDGES 

1910 • 
Reprinted from Seventh Edition 

PART FIRST— DESIGN 

I. GENERAL 



1. Materials. The material in the superstructure shall 
structural steel, except as otherwise specified. 



be 



2. Clearances. If the alignment is straight, clearances shall be 
not less than shown on the diagram. If the alignment is curved, 
the width of the diagram shall be increased so as to provide the 
same minimum clearances for a car SO feet long, 14 feet high and 
60 feet center to center of trucks, allowance being made for curva- 
ture and superelevation of rails. The height of rail shall be assumed 
as 6 inches. 

'J 



To 






Top of Rail 



142 



A. R. E. A.— BRIDGE DESIGN 



3. Spacing Trusses. The width center to center of girders and 

trusses shall not be less than V20 of the effective span, and not 
less than is necessary to prevent overturning under the assumed 
lateral loading. 

4. Skew Bridges. In skew bridges without ballasted floors, the 
ends of girders and beams supporting the track shall be square 
with the track at the abutments. 

5. Floors. Wooden tie floors shall be secured to the stringers 
and shall be proportioned to carry the maximum wheel load, with 
100 per cent impact, distributed over three ties, with fiber stress 
not to exceed 2000 pounds per square inch. Ties shall be not less 
than 10 feet in length. They shall be spaced with not more than 
6-inch openings; and shall be secured against bunching. 

II. LOADS 

6. Dead Load. The dead load shall consist of the estimated 
weight of the entire suspended structure. Timber shall be assumed 
to weigh A}/2 pounds per foot, b. m.; ballast, 100 pounds per cubic 
foot, reinforced concrete, 150 pounds per cubic foot, and rails and 
fastenings, 150 pounds per linear foot of track. 

7. Live Load. The live load, for each track, shall consist of two 
typical engines followed by a uniform load, according to Cooper's 
series, or a system of loading giving practically equivalent stresses. 
The minimum loading shall be Cooper's E-40, as shown in the 
following diagrams: 



000 



I § § I 
§ S S S 



d^L 



QQCpQ q q qq ^o QGCQ o 9 9 q r 



l 8 -Ol^qj&6j^ 



the diagram that gives the larger stresses shall be used. 

8. Heavier Loading. Heavier loadings shall be proportional to 
the above loadings with the same wheel spacing. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



9. impact. The dynamic increment of the live load shall be 
added to the maximum computed live load stresses and shall be 
determined by the formula I=S T S00 -, where 

i=impact or dynamic increment to be added to live-load stresses. 

*S=computed maximum live-load stress. 

L=loaded length of track in feet loaded to produce the 
maximum stress in the member. For bridges carrying more 
than one track, the aggregate length of all tracks loaded 
to produce the stress shall be used. 

Impact shall not be added to stresses produced by longitudinal, 
centrifugal and lateral or wind forces. 

10. Lateral Forces. All spans shall be designed for a lateral force 
on the loaded chord of 200 pounds per linear foot plus 10 per cent 
of the specified train load on one track, and 200 pounds per linear 
foot on the unloaded chord; these forces being considered as moving. 

11. Wind Force. Viaduct towers shall be designed for that one 
of the following loads, considered as moving, which gives the 
greater stress: 

(a) A force of 50 pounds per square foot applied on one and 
one-half times the vertical projection of the tower and the portion 
of the structure which it supports. 

(b) A force of 30 pounds per square foot, applied on the same 
surface, plus 400 pounds per linear foot of structure applied 7 feet 
above the top of the rail, for assumed wind force on train, when 
the structure is loaded, on either one or both tracks, with empty 
cars weighing 1200 pounds per linear foot. 

12. Longitudinal Force. Viaduct towers and similar structures 
shall be designed for a longitudinal force of 20 per cent of the live 
load applied at the top of the rail. 

13. Structures on curves shall be designed for the centrifugal 
force of the live load applied at the top of the high rail. The 
centrifugal force shall be considered as live load and shall be derived 
from the speed in miles per hour given by the expression 60 — 2y 2 D, 
in which D=degree of curve. 



III. UNIT STRESSES AND PROPORTION OF PARTS 

14. Unit Stresses. Structures shall be so proportioned that the 
sum of the maximum stresses produced by the foregoing Loads 
will not exceed the following amounts in pounds per square inch, 
except as modified in par. 22 to 25. 

144 



A. R. E. A.— BRIDGE DESIGN 

15. Tension. Axial tension on net section 16000 

16. Compression. Axial compression on gross section of 

columns 16000 — 70 l/r with a maximum of 14000 

where I is the length of the member in inches and 

r is the least radius of gyration in inches. 
Direct compression on steel castings - 16000 

17. Bending. Bending on extreme fibers of rolled shapes, 

built sections, girders and steel castings; net section 16000 

Bending on extreme fibers of pins 24000 

18. Shearing, Shearing: Shop driven rivets and pins 12000 

Field driven rivets and turned bolts loooo 

Plate girder webs; gross section loooo 

19. Bearing. Bearing: Shop driven rivets and pins 24000 

Field driven rivets and turned bolts 20000 

Expansion rollers; per linear inch 600 d 

where d is the diameter of the roller in inches. 

Bearing on masonry 600 

20. Limiting Length of Members. The ratio of length to least 
radius of gyration shall not exceed 100 for main compression 
members nor 120 for wind and sway bracing. 

2L The lengths of riveted tension members in horizontal or 
inclined positions shall not exceed 200 times their radius of gyration 
about the horizontal axis. The horizontal projection of the 
unsupported portion of the member shall be considered as the 
effective length. 

22. Alternate Stresses. Members subject to alternate stresses of 
tension and compression shall be proportioned for the kind of 
stress requiring the larger section. If the alternate stresses occur 
in succession during the passage of one train, as in stiff counters, 
each stress shall be increased by 50 per cent of the smaller. The 
connections of such members shall in all cases be proportioned for 
the sum of the stresses so increased. 

23. If the live load and dead load stresses are opposite in char- 
acter, only two-thirds of the dead load stress shall be considered 
as effective in counteracting the live load stress. This reduction 
of dead load shall not be made in proportioning members subject 
to alternate stresses. 

24. Combined stresses. Members subject to both axial and bend- 
ing stresses shall be proportioned so that the combined fiber stresses 
will not exceed the allowed axial stress. 

145 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



25. Members subject to stresses produced by combinations of 
lateral, longitudinal, and wind forces with dead load, live load, 
impact, and centrifugal force, may be proportioned for unit stresses 
25 per cent greater than those specified in par. 15 to 19, inclusive; 
but the section shall be not less than that required for dead load, 
live load, impact, and centrifugal force. 

26. Net Section at Rivets. In proportioning tension members, the 
diameter of the rivet holes shall be taken } jj inch larger than the 
nominal diameter of the rivet. 

27. Rivets. In proportioning rivets, the nominal diameter of the 
rivet shall be used. 

28. Net Section at Pins. The minimum net section through the 
pin hole of pin-connected riveted tension members shall be at least 
25 per cent in excess of the net section of the body of the member. 
The minimum net section back of the pin hole, parallel with the 
axis of the member, shall be not less than the net section of the 
body of the member. 

29. Plate Girders. Plate girders shall be proportioned cither by 
the moment of inertia of their net section; or by assuming that the 
flanges are concentrated at their centers of gravity; in the latter 
case Js of the gross section of the web, if properly spliced, may 
be used as flange section. The thickness of web plates shall be 
not less than Yi 6 o of the unsupported distance between flange 
angles (see par. 38). 

30. Compression Flange. The gross section of the compression 
flanges of plate girders shall be not less than the gross section of 
the tension flanges. If the compression flange of any beam or 
girder consists of angles only or if the cover consists of flat plates, 
the stress per square inch shall not exceed 16,000 — 200 l/b. If the 
cover consists of a channel section, the stress per square inch shall 
not exceed 16,000 — 150 l/b. I represents the length of unsupported 
flange, and b is the flange width. 

31. Flange Rivets. The flanges of plate girders shall be connected 
to the web with a sufficient number of rivets to transfer in a distance 
equal to the effective depth of the girder at any given point tie 
total shear at that point combined with any load that is applied 
directly on the flange. If the ties res' on the flanges, each wheel 
load shall be assumed to be distributed over three ties. 

32. Depth Ratios. The depth of trusses shall preferably be not 
less than Vio of the span. The depth of plate girders and rolled 
beams, used as girders, shall preferably be not less than Y12 of tie 

110 



A. R. E. A. — BRIDGE DESIGN 



span. If shallower trusses, girders or beams are used, the section 
shall be increased so that the maximum deflection will not be 
greater than if the above limiting ratios had not been exceeded. 

IV. DETAILS OP DESIGN 

General Requirements 

33. Open Sections. Structures shall be so designed that all parts 
will be accessible for inspection, cleaning and painting. 

34. Pockets. Pockets or depressions which would hold water 
shall be provided with drain holes, or be filled with waterproof 
material. 

35. Symmetrical Sections. Main members shall be so designed that 
the neutral axis will be as nearly as practicable in the center of 
section, and the neutral axes of intersecting main members of trusses 
shall meet at a common point. 

36. Counters. Rigid counters are preferred. If subject to reversal 
of stress, the chord connections shall preferably be riveted. Adjust- 
able counters shall have open turnbuckles. 

37. Strength of Connections. The strength of connections shall be 
sufficient to develop the full capacity of the member for the kind 
of stress it is to carry even though the computed stress is less than 
such capacity. 

38. Minimum Thickness. The minimum thickness of metal shall 
be y% inch, except for fillers. 

39. Pitch of Rivets. The minimum distance between centers of 
rivet holes shall be three diameter of the rivet; but the distance shall 
preferably be not less than 3 inches for %-inch rivets and 2^ inches 
for %-inch rivets. The maximum pitch in the line of stress for 
members composed of plates and shapes shall be 6 inches for %-inch 
rivets and 5 inches for %-inch rivets. For angles with two gage 
lines and rivets staggered, the maximum pitch in each line shall be 
twice the above. Where two or more plates are used in contact, 
rivets not more than 12 inches apart in either direction shall be 
used to hold the plates together. In tension members, composed 
of two angles in contact, a pitch of 12 inches may be used for 
riveting these angles together. 

40. Edge Distance. The minimum distance from the center of 
any rivet hole to a sheared edge shall be 1}4 inches for %-inch 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



rivets and \ l /i inches for %-inch rivets, and to a rolled edge 1J4 
inches and \y% inches, respectively. The maximum distance from 
any edge shall be 8 times the thickness of the plate, but shall 
not exceed 6 inches. 

41. Maximum Diameter. The diameter of the rivets in any angle 
whose size is determined by calculated stress shall not exceed one- 
fourth of the width of the leg in which they are driven; in angles 
whose size is not so determined %-inch rivets may be used in 3-inch 
legs, and %-inch rivets in 23^-inch legs. 

42. Long Rivets. Rivets carrying calculated stress and whose 
grip exceeds four diameters shall be increased in number at least 
one per cent for each additional Yi6 inch of grip. 

43. Pitch at Ends. The pitch of rivets at the ends of built 
compression members shall not exceed four diameters of the rivets, 
for a distance equal to one and one-half times the maximum 
width of member. 

44. Compression Members. In built compression members the 
metal shall be concentrated in the webs and flanges. The thickness 
of each web shall be not less than %o of the distance between the 
lines of rivets, connecting it to the flanges. The thickness of cover 
plates shall be not less than ^4o of the distance between the nearest 
rivet lines. 

45. Minimum Angles. The minimum thickness of flange angles of 
girders and built members without cover plates shall be Vis of the 
width of the outstanding leg. 

46. Tie-Plates. The open sides of compression members shall be 
provided with lacing bars and shall have tie-plates as near each end 
as practicable. Tie-plates shall be provided at intermediate points 
where the lacing is interrupted. In main members the length of 
end tie-plates shall be not less than the distance between the 
nearest lines of rivets connecting them to the flanges and the length 
of intermediate tie-plates not less than one-half that distance. 
Their thickness shall be not less than %o of the same distance. 

47. Lacing. The lacing of compression members shall be 
proportioned to resist the shearing stresses corresponding to the 
allowance for flexure for uniform load provided in the column 
formula in par. 1G by the term 70 l/r. The minimum width of 
lacing bars shall be 2) - 2 inches for %-inch rivets, 2\i inches for 
%-inch rivets, and 2 inches for ^-inch rivets, if used. The thick- 
ness shall be not less than *4o of the distance between end rivets 

148 



A. R. E. A.— BRIDGE DESIGN 



for single lacing, and %o for double lacing. Shapes of equivalent 



strength may be used instead of bars. 

48. %-rnch rivets shall be used for lacing flanges less than 2J^ 
inches wide, ^4-inch rivets for flanges from 2^ to 3^2 inches wide; 
%-inch rivets for flanges 3H inches and over, in width, lacing 
bars with at least two rivets in each end shall be used for flanges 
over 5 inches wide. 

49. The inclination of lacing bars with the axis of the member 
shall be not less than 45 degrees. If the distance between rivet 
lines in the flanges is more than 15 inches and a single rivet bar 
is used, the lacing shall be double and riveted at the intersections. 

50. Lacing bars shall be so spaced that the portion of the flange 
included between their connections will be as strong as the member 
as a whole. 

51. Faced Joints. Abutting joints in compression members faced 
for bearing shall be sufficiently spliced on four sides to hold the 
connecting members accurately in place. Other joints in riveted 
work, whether in tension or compression, shall be fully spliced. 

52. Pin Plates. Pin-holes shall be reinforced by plates if neces- 
sary, and at least one plate shall be as wide as the flanges will 
allow and be on the same side as the angles. Pin plates shall 
contain sufficient rivets to distribute their portion of the pin pressure 
to the full cross-section of the member. 

53. Forked Ends. The ends of compression members shall not 
be forked unless unavoidable; with forked ends, a sufficient number 
of pin-plates shall be provided to give the jaws twice the sectional 
area of the member. At least one of these plates shall extend to 
the far edge of the farthest tie-plate, and the others to the far edge 
of the nearest tie-plate, but not less than 6 inches beyond the near 
edge of the farthest tie-plate. 

54. Pins. Pins shall be long enough to insure a full bearing of 
all the parts connected upon the turned body of the pin. They shall 
be secured by chambered nuts or be provided with washers if solid 
nuts are used. The screw ends shall be long enough to admit of 
burring the threads. 

55. Pin-connected members shall be held against lateral move- 
ment on the pins. 

56. Bolts. Where members are connected by bolts, the turned 
bodies of the bolts shall be long enough to extend through the metal. 

149 



CARNEQIE STEEL COMPANY 



A washer at least Y± inch thick shall be used under the nut. Bolts 
shall not be used in place of rivets except by special permission. 
Heads and nuts shall be hexagonal. 

57. indirect Splices. If splice plates are not in direct contact 
with the parts which they connect, rivets shall be used on each side 
of the joint in excess of the number required in the case of direct 
contact to the extent of one-third of that number for each inter- 
vening plate. 

58. Fillers. Where rivets carrying stress pass through fillers, 
the fillers shall be extended beyond the connected member and 
the extension secured by additional rivets equal in number to. 50 
per cent of those required to carry the stress. 

59. Expansion. Provision shall be made for expansion and 
contraction in all bridge structures to the extent of % inch for 
each 10 feet of length. Means shall be provided to prevent exi 
motion at any point. 

60. Expansion Bearings. Spans of 80 feet and over resting on 
masonry shall have turned rollers or rockers at one end. Spans 
of less length shall be arranged to slide on smooth surfaces. These 
expansion bearings shall be designed to permit motion in one 
direction only. 

61. Fixed Bearings. Fixed bearings shall be firmly anchored to 
the supports. 

62. Rollers. Expansion rollers- shall be not less than 6 inches in 
diameter. They shall be coupled together with substantial side 
bars, which shall be so arranged that the rollers can be readily 
cleaned. Segmental rollers shall be geared to the upper and lower 
plates. 

63. Bolsters. Bolsters or shoes shall be so constructed that the 
load will be distributed uniformly over the entire bearing. Spans 
of 80 feet and over shall have hinged bolsters at each end. 

64. Wall Plates. Wall plates may be cast or built-up; and shall 
be so designed as to distribute the load uniformly over the entire 
bearing. They shall be secured against displacement. 

65. Anchorage. Anchor bolts for viaduct towers and similar 
.structures shall be designed to engage a mass of masonry the 
weight of which is at least one and one-half times the uplift. 

66. Inclined Bearings. The sole plates of bridges on an inclined 
grade without pin shoes shall be beveled so that the masonry and 
expansion surfaces will be level. 

ISO 



A. R. E. A.— BRIDGE DESIGN 



Floor Systems 

67. Floor Beams. Floor beams shall preferably be square to the 
girders or trusses. They shall be riveted directly to the girders or 
trusses or may be placed on top of deck bridges. 

68. Stringers. Stringers shall preferably be riveted to the webs 
of intermediate floor beams by means of connection angles not 
less than X A inch thick. Shelf angles or other supports provided 
to support the stringer during erection shall not be considered as 
carrying any of the reaction. 

69. Stringer Frames. End floor beams shall be used if possible. 
Stringers resting on masonry shall be connected at their ends by 
cross frames. The frames shall be riveted to girders or truss shoes 
where practicable. 

Bracing 

70. Eigid Bracing. Lateral, longitudinal and transverse bracing 
shall be composed of rigid members. 

71. Portals. The end posts and top chords of the through-truss 
spans shall be rigidly connected by riveted portal braces. The 
braces shall be as deep as the -clearance will allow. 

72. Transverse Bracing. An intermediate transverse frame shall be 
used at each panel of through spans having vertical truss members 
where the clearance will permit. 

73. End Bracing. Deck spans shall have transverse bracing at 
each end proportioned to carry the lateral load to the support. 

74. Laterals. The minimum-sized angle to be used in lateral 
bracing shall be 3^ by 3 by % inches. There shall be not less 
than three rivets at each end connection of the angles. 

75. Lateral bracing beneath the track shall be low' enough to 
clear the ties. 

76. Tower Struts. The struts at the base of viaduct towers shall 
be strong enough to slide the movable shoes when the track is 
unloaded. 

Plate Girders 

77. Camber. If camber is desired, it shall be provided in plate 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



girder spans over 50 feet in length at the rafe of Vie inch per 10 feet 
of length. 

78. Top Flange Cover. Where flange cover plates are used, one 
cover plate of the top flange shall extend the whole length of t lie 
girder. 

79. Web Stiffeners. There shall be web stiffeners, generally in 
pairs, over bearings, and at points of concentrated loading. Other 
web stiffeners shall be used if the width of the unsupported web 
between flange angles is greater than 60 times its thickness. The 
distance between stiffeners shall not exceed: 

(a) 6 feet, 

(6) the width of the unsupported web, 

(c) the value of d in the following formula: 

d=(12000 — S) t/40, 

Where d=clear distance between stiffeners of flange angles. 
t=thickness of web. 
s=shear per square inch. 

The stiffeners at the end and at points of concentrated loading 
shall be proportioned by the formula of par. 16, by assuming the 
effective length of column equal to one-half the depth of the girder. 
End stiffeners and those under concentrated loading shall be on 
fillers. Their outstanding legs shall be as wide as the flange angles 
will allow and shall fit tightly against them. Intermediate stiffeners 
may be crimped or on fillers and their outstanding legs shall be 
not less than 2 inches plus Vso of the depth of the girder. 

80. Stays for Top Flanges. Top flanges of through plate girders 
shall be' stayed by knee braces or gusset plates at every floor beam, 
or in solid floor bridges at distances not exceeding 12 feet. 

Trusses 

81. Camber. Truss spans shall be given a camber by so propor- 
tioning the length of the members that the tops of the stringers will 
be in a straight line when the bridge is full}*' loaded. 

82. Rigid Members. Hip verticals and members performing 
similar functions, and the two end panels of the bottom chords of 
single track pin-connected trusses shall be rigid. 

83. Eye Bars, The eye bars composing a member shall be so 
arranged that adjacent bars will not be in contact. The bars 
shall be as nearly parallel to the axis of the truss as possible, the 
maximum inclination of any bar being one inch in 16 feet 

84. Pony Trusses. Pony trusses shall be riveted structures, with 
double-webbed chords. The web members shall be laced or 
otherwise effectively stiffened. 

lo2 



A. R. E. A.— BRIDGE MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP 



PART SECOND— MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP 

V. MATERIAL 

85. Steel. Steel shall be made by the open-hearth process. 

86. Properties. The chemical and physical properties shall 
conform to the following limits: 


Elements Considered 


Structural Steel 


Rivet Steel 


Steel Castings 


Phosphorus, max. . -{Acid. '.' '".". 


0.04 per cent 
0.06 " " 
0.05 " " 


0.04 per cent 
0.04 " " 
0.04 " " 


0.05 per cent 
0.08 " " 
0.05 " " 




Yield point, minimum, 

lb. per sq. in. 

Ultimate tensile strength, 

lb. per sq. in. 

Elong., min., per cent in 8" fig. 1 

Elong., min., per cent in 2", fig. 2 


30,000 

desired : 

60,000 

1,500,000* 


25,000 

desired : 

50,000 

1,500,000 


33,000 

not less than: 

65,000 

15 per cent 

f silky or 
I fine granular 
90°; d=St 


ult. tens. str. 

22 

silky 

180° flatf 


ult. tens. str. 

silky 
180° flatj 


Cold bends without fracture 


*See par. 96. fSee par. 97, 98 and 99. JSee par. 100. 

87. In order that the ultimate strength of full-sized annealed 
eye bars may meet the requirements of par. 163, the ultimate 
strength in test specimens may be determined by the manufacturers. 
The tests other than those for ultimate strength shall conform to 
the above requirements. 

88. Allowable Variations. If the ultimate strength varies more 
than 4,000 pounds from that desired, a retest shall be made on the 
same gage, which, to be acceptable, shall be within 5,000 pounds of 
the desired ultimate. 

89. Chemical Analyses. Chemical determinations of the percent- 
ages of carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, and manganese shall be made 
by the manufacturer from a test ingot taken at the time of the 
pouring of each melt of steel. A copy of each analysis shall be 
furnished to the engineer or his inspector. Check analyses shall 
be made from finished material, if called for by the purchaser, 
in which case an excess of 25 per cent above the limits specified 
will be permitted. 

90. Specimens. Plate-shape-and bar specimens for tensile-and 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



bending tests shall be made by cutting coupons from the finished 
product. The test specimens shall have both faces rolled and 
both edges milled either parallel or to the form shown by fig. 1; 
or the specimens may be turned to a diameter of % inch for a length 
of at least 9 inches, with enlarged ends. 



-About 3- ~ 



Parallel section not lers t'lan 9 



-About-3^*, 



~-~ti- 1—1"-' Etc. 
U About 13" J 

Figure 1. 

91. Test specimens of rivet steel shall be cut full size from the 
rods as rolled. 

92. Pin-and roller specimens shall be cut from the finished rolled 
or forged bar, in such manner that the center of the specimen will 
be one inch from the surface of the bar. The specimen for tensile 
test shall be turned to the form shown by fig. 2. The specimen 
for bending test shall be one inch by ^ inch in section. 




Figure 2. 

93. The number of tests for steel castings shall depend on the 
character and importance of the castings. Specimens shall be cut 
cold from coupons molded and cast on some portion of one or more 
castings from each melt or from the sink heads, if the heads arc of 
sufficient size. The coupon or sink head, so used, shall be annealed 
with the casting before it is cut off. Test specimens shall be of the 
form prescribed for pins and rollers. 

93a. The yield points shall be determined by the drop of beam 
of the testing machine. The beam shall be kept balancing between 
the upper and lower cross pieces for some time preceding the drop. 
The speed of the machine shall be such that the beam may be 

101 



A. R. E. A.— BRIDGE MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP 

kept balanced and, except for the initial tightening of the specimen 
in the grips, shall not exceed K inch per minute for the standard 
form of specimen for plates, bars and shapes, and shall not exceed 
Y% inch per minute for the standard form of specimen for pins, 
rollers, and steel castings. The speed after the yield point shall 
not exceed 6 inches per minute, and the beam shall be kept at 
balance when the ultimate strength is attained. 

94. Specimens of Rolled Steel. Rolled steel shall be tested in the 
condition in which it comes from the rolls. 

95. Number of Tests. At least one tensile-and one bending test 
shall be made from each melt of steel as rolled. In case steel 
differing % inch or more in thickness is rolled from one melt, a 
test shall be made from the thickest and thinnest material rolled. 

96. Modification in Elongation. A deduction of 1 per cent will be 
allowed from the specified percentage for elongation, for each Y% 
inch in thickness above % inch. 

97. Bending Tests, Bending tests may be made by pressure or by 
blows. Plates, shapes and bars less than one inch thick shall bend 
as called for in par. 86. 

98. Thick Material. Full-sized material for eye bars and other 
steel one inch thick and over, tested in the same condition as when 
rolled, shall bend cold ISO degrees around a pin, the diameter of 
which is equal to twice the thickness of the bar, without fracture 
on the outside of the bend. 

99. Bending Angles. Angles % inch and less in thickness shall 
open flat, and angles Y% inch and less in thickness shall bend shut, 
cold, under blows of a hammer, without sign of fracture. This 
test shall be made only when required by the inspector. 

100. Nicked Bends. Rivet steel, when nicked and bent around a 
bar of the same diameter as the rivet rod, shall give a gradual break 
and a fine silky uniform fracture. 

101. Finish. Finished material shall be free from injurious seams, 
flaws, cracks, defective edges and other defects, and have a smooth, 
uniform and workmanlike finish. Plates 36 inches in width and 
under shall have rolled edges. 

102. Melt Numbers. Every finished piece of steel shall have the 
melt number and the name of the manufacturer stamped or rolled 
upon it. Steel for pins and rollers shall be stamped on the end. 
Rivet and lacing steel and other small parts may be bundled with 
the above marks on an attached metal tag. 

155 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



103. Defective Material. Material which develops weak spots 

brittleness, cracks or ether imperfections, or is found to have 
injurious defects, may be rejected al the shop and shall be replaced 

by the manufacturer at his own < . 

104. Variation in Weight A variation in cross-section or weight 
of any piece of steel of more than 2 ' _» per cent from that specified 
will be sufficient cause for rejection, excepl thai sheared plates 
shall he subject to the following permissible variations, which 
shall apply to single plates, when ordered to weight: 

105. Plates weighing 12^ pounds or more per square foot. 

(a) Up to 100 inches wide, 2J^ per cent more or less 

than the nominal weight. 

(b) 100 inches wide and over. 5 per cent more or less 

than the nominal weight. 

106. Plates weighing less than 12>^ pounds per square foot. 

(a) Up to 75 inches wide, 2 \ •> per cent more i 

than the nominal weight. 

(b) 75 inches and up to 100 inches wide, 5 per cenl 

more or 3 per cent less than the nominal w c ight. 

(c) 100 inches wide and over, 10 per cent more or 3 p< r 

cent less than the nominal weight. 

107. Plates when ordered to gage will be accepted if they 
measure not more than 0.01 inch less than the ordered thickness. 

108. An excess over the nominal weight, corresponding to the 
dimensions on the order, will he allowed for each plate, if not more 
than that shown in the following table, one cubic inch of rolled 
steel being assumed to weigh 0.2S33 pound: 



Thicknsae 
Ordered, 

Inches 



Nominal 
Square Foot 



Allowable Excess 

be ok Nominal v, 
For Width of Plate as follows: 



Up to 75 in. 



75 in. 

and up t 

100 in. 



100 in. 

and up to 
115 m. 



Over 115 



• in 
'-• 
"He 

y% 

Over . 



10.20 
12.7.-. 
15.30 
L7.85 
20.40 
22.95 
2.-..50 



10 

8 
7 
6 
5 

•1', 

4 

3>4 



14 
L2 
10 

8 
7 
6J4 



is 

16 

1 I 
10 

'.i 
B 
8 
6 ' i 



150 



A. R. E. A.— BRIDGE MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP 

109. Cast Iron. Castings shall be made of tough gray iron, 
with sulphur not over 0.10 per cent, except where chilled iron is 
specified. They shall be true to pattern, out of wind and free from 
flaws and excessive shrinkage. If tests are required, they shall 
be made on the "arbitration bar" of the American Society for 
Testing Materials, which is a round bar 1% inches in diameter and 
15 inches long. The transverse test shall be made on a clear span 
of 12 inches with the load at the middle. The minimum breaking 
load so applied shall be 2,900. pounds, with a deflection of at least 
M.o inch before rupture. v 

110. Wrought Iron. Wrought iron shall be double-rolled, tough, 
fibrous and uniform in character. It shall be thoroughly welded 
in rolling and free from surface defects. When tested in 
specimens of the form of fig. 1, or in full-sized pieces of the same 
length, it shall show an ultimate strength of at least 50,000 pounds 
per square inch, an elongation of at least 18 per cent in 8 inches, 
with fracture wholly fibrous. Specimens shall bend cold, with the 
fiber, through 135 degrees, without sign of fracture, around a pin 
the diameter of which is twice the thickness of the piece tested. 
When nicked and bent, the fracture shall show at least 90 per 
cent fibrous. 



VI. INSPECTION AND TESTING AT THE MILLS 

111. Mill Orders. The purchaser shall be furnished complete 
copies of mill orders, and no material shall be rolled nor work done 
before the purchaser has been notified where the orders have been 
placed, so that he may arrange for the inspection. 

112. Facilities for Inspection. The manufacturer shall furnish all 
facilities for inspecting and testing the weight and quality of all 
material at the mill where it is manufactured. He shall furnish a 
suitable testing machine for testing the specimens, as well as prepare 
the pieces for the machine, free of cost to the purchaser. 

113. Access to Mills. The inspector representing the purchaser 
at the mills, shall have access, at all times, to all parts of mills 
where material to be inspected by him is being manufactured. 

VII. WORKMANSHIP 

114. General. All parts forming a structure shall be built in 
accordance with approved drawings. The workmanship and finish 
shall be equal to the best practice in modern bridge works. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



Material at the shops shall be kept clear and protected from the 
weather. 

115. Straightening. Material shall be thoroughly straight ened in 
the shop, by methods that will not injure it, before being laid off or 
worked in any way. 

116. Finish. Shearing and chipping shall be neatly and accu- 
rately done and all portions of the work exposed to view neatly 
finished. 

117. Size of Rivets. The size of rivets, called for on the plans, 
shall be the actual size of the rivet before heating. 

118. Rivet Holes. If general reaming is not required, the 
diameter of the punch shall not be more than V16 inch greater than 
the diameter of the rivet; nor the diameter of the die more than ' i 
inch greater than the diameter of the punch. Material more than 
% inch thick shall be subpunched and reamed or drilled from the 
solid. 

119. Punching. Punching shall be accurately done. There 
shall be no drifting to enlarge unmatched holes. If the holes must be 
enlarged to admit the rivet, they shall be reamed. Poor matching 
of holes will be cause for rejection. 

120. Reaming. Where subpunching and reaming are required, 
the diameter of the punch used shall be not less than 3 /iq inch 
smaller than the nominal diameter of the rivet. The holes shall 
then be reamed to a diameter not more than Via inch greater than 
the nominal diameter of the rivet. (See par. 135.) 

121. Reaming after Assembling. If general reaming is required 
it shall be done after the pieces forming one built member are 
assembled and so firmly bolted together that the surfaces are 
in close contact. If it be necessary to take the pieces apart for 
shipping and handling, the respective pieces reamed together shall 
be so marked that they may be reassembled in the same position 
in the final setting up. No interchange of reamed parts will be 
permitted. 

122. Reaming shall be done with twist drills without lubricant. 

4 123. The outside burrs on reamed holes shall be removed to the 
extent of making a Vi6-inch fillet. 

124. Assembling. The parts of riveted members shall be well 
pinned and firmly drawn together with bolts, before riveting is 
commenced. Contact surfaces shall be painted. (See par. 152.) 

10s 



A. R. E. A.— BRIDGE MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP 



125. Lacing Bars. The ends of lacing bars shall be neatly- 
rounded, unless otherwise called for. 

126. Web Stiffeners. Stiffeners shall fit neatly between the flanges 
of girders. Where tight fits are called for, the ends of the stiffeners 
shall be faced and shall be brought to a true contact bearing with 
the flange angles. 

127. Splice Plates and Fillers. Web splice plates and fillers under 
stiffeners shall be cut to fit within Y% inch of the flange angles. 

128. Web Plates. Web plates of girders, which have no cover 
plates, shall be flush with the backs of the flange angles or project 
above them not more than }/& inch, unless otherwise called for. 
When web plates are spliced, not more than x /i inch clearance 
between ends of plates will be allowed. 

129. Floor Beams and stringers. The main sections of floor beams 
and stringers shall be milled to exact length after riveting and the 
connection angles accurately set flush and true to the milled ends. 
(If required by the purchaser the milling shall be done after the 
connection angles are riveted in place, the milling to extend over the 
entire face of the member.) The removal of more than %2 inch 
from the thickness of the connecting angles will be cause for rej ection . 

130. Riveting. Rivets shall be uniformly heated to a light cherry 
red heat in a gas-or oil furnace so constructed that it can be adjusted 
to the proper temperature. They shall be driven by pressure tools 
wherever possible. Pneumatic hammers shall be used in preference 
to hand driving. 

131. Rivet heads shall be of approved shape, uniform in size 
and of neat and finished appearance. They shall be central on 
the shank and shall grip the assembled pieces firmly. Recupping 
and calking will not be allowed. Loose, burned or otherwise 
defective rivets shall be cut out and replaced. In cutting out rivets, 
care shall be taken not to injure the adjacent metal. If necessary, 
they shall be drilled out. 

132. Turned Bolts. Wherever bolts are used in place of rivets 
which transmit shear, the holes shall be reamed parallel and the 
bolts shall make a driving fit, with the threads entirely outside of 
the holes. A washer not less than 34 inch thick shall be used under 
nut. 

133. Members to be Straight. The several pieces forming one built 
member shall be straight and fit closely together. Finished 
members shall be free from twists, bends and open joints. 

159 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



134. Finish of Joints. Abutting joints shall be cut or dressed t rue 
and straight and fitted close together, especially where open to 
view. In compression joints, depending on contact bearing, the 
surfaces shall be truly faced, so as to provide even bearings after 
they have been perfectly aligned and riveted complete. 

135. Field Connections. Holes for floor beam and stringer con- 
nections shall be subpunched and reamed to a steel templet not 
less than one inch thick. (If required, all other field connections. 
except those for laterals and sway bracing, shall be assembled in 
the shop and the unmatched holes reamed; and when so reamed 
the pieces shall be match-marked before being taken apart.) 

136. Eye Bars. Eye bars shall be straight and true to size, and 
free from twists, folds in the neck or head, and other defect. The 
heads shall be made by upsetting, rolling or forging. Welding 
Avill not be allowed. The form of the heads will be determined 
by the dies in use at the works where the eye bars are made, if 
satisfactory to the engineer, but the manufacturer shall guarantee 
the bars to break in the body when tested to rupture. The thickness 
of the head and neck shall not vary more than Via inch from that 
specified. (See par. 163.) 

137. Boring Eye Bars. Before boring, each eye bar shall be 
properly annealed and carefully straightened.' Pin holes shall be 
in the center line of the bar and in the center of the heads. Bars 
of the same length shall be bored so accurately that, when placed 
together, pins Va2 inch smaller in diameter than the pin holes can 
be passed through the holes at both ends of the bars at the Bame 
time without forcing. 

138. Pin Holes. Pin holes shall be bored true to gages, smooth 
straight, at right angles to the axis of the member and parallel 
to each other, unless otherwise called for. The boring shall be 
done after the member is riveted. 

139. The distance center to center of pin holes shall be correct 
within V 32 inch, and the diameter of the holes not more than Vfeo inch 
larger than that of the pin, for pins up to 5 inches diameter, and 
Mi2 inch for larger pins. 

140. Pins and Rollers. Pins and rollers shall be accurately turned 
to gages and shall be straight, smooth and free from flaws. 

141. Screw Threads. Screw threads shall make tight fits in the 
nuts and shall be V. S. standard, except above the diameter of l :i 8 
inches, when they shall be made with six threads per inch. 



A. R. E. A.— BRIDGE MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP 



142. Annealing. Steel which has been -partially heated, shall be 
properly annealed, except where used in minor details. 

143. Steel Castings. Steel castings shall be annealed and free 
from large or injurious blowholes. 

144. Welds. Welds in steel will not be allowed. 

145. Bed Plates. Expansion bed plates shall be planed true and 
smooth. Cast wall plates shall be planed top and bottom. The 
finishing cut of the planing tool shall be fine and parallel with 
the direction of expansion. 

146. Pilot Nuts. Pilot-and driving nuts shall be furnished for 
each size of pin, in such numbers as may be ordered. 

147. Field Rivets. Field rivets shall be furnished to the amount 
of 15 per cent plus ten rivets in excess of the nominal number 
required for each size. 

148. Shipping Details. Pins, nuts, bolts, rivets and other small 
parts shall be boxed or crated. 

149. Weight. The scale weight of every piece and box shall be 
marked on it in plain figures. 

150. Finished Weight. Payment for pound price contracts shall 
be by scale weight. Not over 2 per cent of the total weight of the 
structure as computed from the plans will be allowed for excess 
weight. 



VIII. SHOP PAINTING 

151. Cleaning. Steel work, before leaving the shop, shall be 
thoroughly cleaned and given one good coating of pure linseed oil, 
or such paint as may be called for, well worked into all joints and 
open spaces. 

152. Contact Surfaces. In riveted work, the surfaces coming in 
contact shall each be painted before being riveted together. 

153. Inaccessible Surfaces. Pieces and parts which will not be 
accessible for painting after erection, including tops of stringers, 
eye bar heads, ends of posts and chords, etc., shall have an additional 
coat of paint before leaving the shop. 

154. Condition of Surfaces. Painting shall be done only when the 
surface of the metal is perfectly dry. It shall not be done in wet 
or freezing weather, unless protected under cover. 

155. Machine-Finished Surfaces. Machine-finished surfaces shall be 
coated with white lead and tallow before shipment or before being 
put out into the open air. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



IX. INSPECTION AND TESTING AT THE SHOPS 

156. Facilities for Inspection. The manufacturer shall furnish all 
facilities for inspecting and testing the weight of material and 
quality of workmanship at the shop where material is manufactured. 
He shall furnish a suitable testing machine for testing full-sized 
members, if required. 

157. starting Work. The purchaser shall be notified well in 
advance of the start of the work in the shop, in order that he may- 
have a representative on hand to inspect material and workmanship. 

158. Access to Shop. The inspector shall have access, at all 
times, to all parts of the shop where material to be inspected by 
him is being manufactured. 

159. Accepting Material. The inspector shall stamp each piece 
accepted with a private mark. Any piece not so marked may be 
rejected at any time and at any stage of the work. If the inspector, 
through an oversight or otherwise, has accepted material or work 
which is defective or contrary to the specifications, this material, 
no matter in what stage of completion, may be rejected by the pur- 
chaser. 

160. Shop Plans. The purchaser shall be furnished complete 
shop plans. 

161. Shipping Invoices. Complete copies of all shipping invoices 
shall be furnished to the purchaser with each shipment. Shipping 
invoices shall show the scale weights of individual pieces. 

X. PULL-SIZED TESTS 

162. Eye Bar Tests. Full-sized tests of eye bars and similar 
members, to prove the workmanship, shall be made at the manu- 
facturer's expense, and the members so tested shall be paid for by 
the purchaser at contract price, if the tests are satisfactory. If the 
tests are not satisfactory, the members represented by them will 
be rejected. 

163. In eye bar tests, the minimum ultimate strength shall be 
55,000 pounds per square inch. The elongation in 10 feet, including 
the fracture, shall be not less than 15 per cent. Bars shall generally 
break in the body and the fracture shall be silky or fine granular. 
The elastic limit as indicated by the drop of the mercury shall 
be recorded. Should a bar break in the head and develop the 
specified elongation, ultimate strength and character of fracture, 
it shall not be cause for rejection, provided not more than one- 
third of the total number of bars tested break in the head. (See 
par. 136.) 



AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY 



SPECIFICATIONS 



STEEL STRUCTURES 

Design, Details of Construction and Workmanship 

Adopted 1912 

DESIGN 

1. Loads. The steel frame of all structures shall be designed 
so as to safely support the dead and live loads. The dead load shall 
consist of the weight of all permanent construction and fixtures, 
such as walls, floors, roofs, interior partitions, and fixed or permanent 
appliances. The live load shall consist of movable loads on floors, 
loads due to machinery or other appliances, and the exterior loads 
due to snow on the roof and to wind. 

2. For structures carrying traveling machinery, such as cranes, 
conveyors, etc., 25 per cent shall be added to the stresses resulting 
from such live load, to provide for the effect of impact and 
vibrations. 

3. The wind pressure shall be assumed acting horizontally in 
any direction as follows: — 

First: For finished structures — A pressure of 20 pounds per 
square foot on the sides and ends of buildings and on the vertical 
projection of roof surfaces, or 

Second: In process of construction — A pressure of 30 pounds 
per square foot on vertical surfaces and the vertical projection of 
inclined surfaces of all exposed metal or other frame work. 



A. B. CO.— STRUCTURES 

4. Unit Stresses. All parts of structures shall be proportioned 
so that the sum of the dead and live loads, together with the 
impact, if any, shall not cause the stresses to exceed the following 
amounts in pounds per square inch: 

Tension, net section, rolled steel 16000 

Direct compression, rolled steel and steel castings 16000 

Bending, on extreme fibers of rolled shapes, 

built sections, girders, and steel castings.. 16000 

Bending on extreme fibers of pins .24000 

Shear on shop rivets and pins 12000 

Shear on bolts and field rivets 10000 

Shear — average — on webs of plate girders and 

rolled beams, gross section 10000 

Bearing pressure on shop rivets and pins 24000 

Bearing on bolts and field rivets 20000 

Pressure per linear inch on expansion rollers shall not exceed 
600 times the diameter of rollers in inches. 

Axial compression of gross sections of columns, for 

ratio of l/r up to 120 19000 — 100 l/r 

with a maximum of 13000 

where Z=effective length of member in inches, 

r=corresponding radius of gyration of section in inches. 

For ratios of l/r up to 120, and for greater ratios up to 200, use 
the amounts given in the following table. For intermediate ratios, 
use proportional amounts. 



Ratio 


Amount 


Ratio 


Amount 


•60 


13000 


130 


6500 


70 


12000 


140 


6000 


80 


11000 


150 


5500 


90 


10000 


160 


5000 


100 


9000 


170 


4500 


110 


8000 


180 


4000 


120 


7000 


190 


3500 



5. For bracing and combined stresses due to wind and other 
loading, the permissible working stresses may be increased 25 per 
cent — provided the section thus found is not less than that required 
by the dead and live loads alone. 

165 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



PROPORTION OF PARTS 



6. General. The effective or unsupported length of main 
compression members shall not exceed 120 times, and for secondary- 
members 200 times, the least radius of gyration. 

7. In proportioning columns, provision must be made for 
eccentric loading. 

8. In proportioning tension members, net section must be used. 
Rivet holes deducted must be taken }/% inch larger than the nominal 
size of rivets. 

9. Members subject to the action of both axial and bending 
stresses shall be proportioned so that the greatest fiber stress will 
not exceed the allowed limits in that member. 

10. Members subject to alternate stresses of tension and 
compression shall be proportioned for the stress giving the largest 
section, but their connections shall be proportioned for the sum of 
the stresses. 

11. Girders. Rolled beams and channels, and built-up members 
used as beams and girders shall be proportioned by the moment 
of inertia of their gross sections. 

12. Plate girder webs shall have a thickness not less than ^60 
of the unsupported distance between flange angles. The webs 
shall have stiffeners, generally in pairs, over bearings, at points of 
concentrated loading, and at other points where the thickness of 
the web is less than y 6 o of the unsupported distance between 
flange angles, generally not farther apart than the depth of the web 
plate, with a maximum limit of 6 feet. 

13. The lateral unsupported length of beams and girders shall 
not exceed 40 times the width of the compression flange. When the 
unsupported length (I) exceeds 10 times the width (b) of the 
compression flange, the stress per square inch in the compression 
flange shall not exceed 19000 — 300 I b. 



DETAILS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 

14. General. Adjustable members in any part of structures shall 
preferably be avoided. 

15. Sections shall preferably be made symmetrical. 

16. No connection, except lattice bars, shall have loss than two rivets. 



A. B. CO.— STRUCTURES 



17. Trusses shall preferably be riveted structures. Heavy 
trusses of long span, where the riveted field connections would 
become unwieldy, or for other good reasons, may be designed as 
pin-connected structures. 

18. Abutting joint in compression members faced for bearing 
shall be spliced sufficiently to hold the connecting members accu- 
rately in place. All other joints in riveted work, whether in tension 
or compression, shall be fully spliced. 

19. Lateral, longitudinal and transverse bracing in all structures 
shall preferably be composed of rigid members, and shall be designed 
to be sufficient to withstand wind and other lateral forces when 
building is in process of erection as well as after completion. 

20. Girders. When two or more rolled beams are used to form a 
girder, they shall be connected by bolts and separators at intervals 
of not more than 5 feet. All beams having a depth of 12 inches and 
more shall have at least two bolts to each separator. 

21. The flange plates of all girders shall be limited in width, so 
as not to extend more than 6 inches beyond the outer line of rivets 
connecting them to the angles, or 8 times the thickness of the 
thinnest plate. 

22. Web stiff eners shall be in pairs, and shall have a close bearing 
against the flange angles. Those over the end bearing or forming 
the connection between girder and column shall be on fillers. 
Intermediate stiffeners may be on fillers or crimped over the flange 
angles. 

23. Web plates of girders must be spliced at all points by a 
plate on each side of the web, capable of transmitting the full stress 
through splice rivets. 

24. Riveting. The minimum distance between centers of rivet 
holes shall be three diameters of the rivet; but the distance shall 
preferably be not less than 3 inches for %-inch rivets, 23^ inches 
for %-inch rivets, 2 inches for -j^-inch rivets, and \% inches for 
3^-inch rivets. The maximum pitch in the line of the stress for 
members composed of plates and shapes will be 6 inches for %-inch 
rivets, 6 inches for %-inch rivets, 4J^ inches for J^-inch rivets and 
4 inches for J^-inch rivets. 

25. For angles in built sections with two gage lines, with rivets 
staggered, the maximum pitch in each line shall be twice as great 
as given above. Where two or more plates are in contact, rivets 
not more than 12 inches apart in either direction shall be used to 
hold the plates together. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



26. The minimum distance from the center of any rivet hole 
to a sheared edge shall be l^ inches for %-inch rivets, \ x /i inches 
for %-inch rivets, \ x /% inches for ^-inch rivets, and 1 inch for 
J^-inch rivets; and to a rolled edge, 1%, 1%, 1, and J^ inches, 
respectively. 

27. The maximum distance from any edge shall be eight times 
the thickness of the plate. 

28. The pitch of rivets at the ends of built compression members 
shall not exceed four diameters of the rivets for a length equal to 
one and one-half times the maximum width of the member. 

29. Latticing. The open sides of compression members shall be 
provided with lattice bars, having tie plates at each end and at 
intermediate points where the lattice is interrupted. The tie 
plates shall be as near the ends as practicable. In main members 
carrying calculated stresses, the end tie plates shall have a length 
not less than the distance between the lines of rivets connecting 
them to the flanges, and intermediate ones not less than half 
this distance. Their thickness shall not be less than Vso of the 
same distance. 

30. The latticing of compression members shall be proportioned 
to resist a shearing stress equal to 2 per cent of the direct stress. 
The minimum thickness of lattice bars shall be for single lattice, 
x Ao, and for double lattice, Veo of the distance between the end 
rivets. Their minimum width shall be as follows: 

For 15-inch channels, or 
built sections with 3>2 and 4-inch angles, 2Y 2 inches ( J^-inch rivets). 

For 12-10-and 9-inch channels, or 
built sections with 3-inch angles 2 l /i inches (j^-inch rivets). 

For 8-and 7-inch channels, or 
built sections with 23/2-inch angles 2 inches (5-g-inch rivets). 

For 6-and 5-inch channels, or 
built sections with 2-inch angles 1% inches (3^-inch rivets). 

31. The inclination of lattice bars with the axis of the member 
shall generally be not less than 45 degrees. When the distance 
between the rivet lines in the flanges is more than 15 inches, if a 
single rivet bar is used, the lattice shall be double. 

32. The pitch of lattice connections, along the flange, divided 
by the least radius of gyration of the member between connections, 

[ shall be less than the corresponding ratio of the member as a whole. 



A. B. CO.— STRUCTURES 



33. Pins. Pinholes shall be reinforced by plates where necessary. 
At least one plate shall be as wide as the projecting flanges will 
allow; where angles are used, this plate shall be on the same side as 
the angles. The plates shall contain sufficient rivets to distribute 
their portion of the pin pressure to the full cross section of the 
member. 

34. Pins shall be long enough to insure a full bearing of all parts 
connected upon the turned-down body of the pin. Members 
packed on pins shall be held against lateral movement. 



WORKMANSHIP 



35. General. The workmanship shall be equal to the best 
practice in modern structural works. Shearing shall be done 
accurately, and all portions of the work exposed to view shall be 
neatly finished. 

36. Punching. The diameter of the punch shall not be more 
than Vie inch, nor that of the die more than }i inch, larger than 
the diameter of the rivet. Punching shall be done accurately, but 
an occasional slight inaccuracy in the matching of holes may be 
corrected with reamer. Drifting to enlarge unfair holes will not 
be allowed. 

37. Riveting. The size of rivets shall be as called for on the 
plans. Rivets shall be driven by pressure tools wherever possible. 
Pneumatic hammers shall be used in preference to hand driving. 
Rivets shall look neat and finished, with heads of approved shape, 
full and of equal size. They shall be centered on the shank and 
shall grip the assembled pieces firmly. 

38. Assembling. Riveted members shall have all parts well 
pinned up and firmly drawn together with bolts before riveting 
is commenced. Contact surfaces shall be painted. Abutting 
joints shall be cut or dressed true and straight and fitted closely 
together. In compression joints depending on contact bearing, the 
surfaces shall be truly faced, so as to have even bearing after they 
are riveted up complete and when perfectly aligned. The several 
pieces forming one built member shall be straight and shall fit 
closely together, and finished members shall be free from twists, 
bends or open joints. 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



39. Eye Bars. Eye bars shall be straight and true to size, and 
shall be free from twists, folds in the neck or head, or any other 
defect. Heads shall be made by upsetting, rolling or forging. 
Welding will not be allowed. Before boring, each eye bar shall be 
perfectly annealed and carefully straightened. Pin holes shall be 
in the center line of bars and in the center of heads. Bars of the 
same length shall be bored so accurately that, when placed 
together, pins %2 inch smaller in diameter than the pin holes can 
be passed through the holes at both ends of the bars at the same 
time. 

40. Pins. Pins and rollers shall be turned accurately to gages, 
and shall be straight, smooth and entirely free from flaws. Pin holes 
shall be bored true to gages, smooth and straight, at right angles 
to the axis of the member and parallel to each other, unless other- 
wise called for. Wherever possible, the boring shall be done after 
the member is riveted up. The distance from center to center of 
pin holes shall be correct within %2 inch, and the diameter of the 
hole not more than %o inch larger than that of the pin for pins 
up to 5 inches diameter, and 1/32 inch for larger pins. 

41. Bed Plates. Expansion bed plates shall be planed true and 
smooth. The cut of the planing tool shall correspond with the 
direction of expansion. 

42. Annealing. Steel, except in minor details, which has been 
partially heated, shall be properly annealed. Welds in steel will 
not be allowed. All steel castings shall be annealed. 

43. Painting. Steel work, before leaving the shop, shall be 
thoroughly cleaned and given one good coating of such paint as 
may be called for, well worked into all joints and open spaces. 

44. In riveted work, the surfaces coming in contact shall be 
painted before being riveted together. 

45. Machine-finished bearing surfaces coming in contact with 
similar surfaces should be coated with white lead and tallow before 
shipment. 

46. inspection. The manufacturer shall furnish all facilities for 
inspecting and testing the weight, quality of material and work- 
manship. He shall furnish a suitable testing machine for testing 
the specimens, as well as prepare the pieces for the machine free of 
charge. 

47. He shall give the inspector for the purchaser free access 
to all parts of the works where the material under inspection is 

manufactured. 

170 



fflliiiiffiiir 

021 622 692 6 



CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY 



GENERAL OFFICES: 

Pittsburgh, Carnegie Building. 

DISTRICT OFFICES: 

Birmingham, Brown-Marx Building, 

Boston, 120 Franklin Street, 

Buffalo, Marine National Bank Building, 

Chicago, 208 South La Salle Street, 

Cincinnati, Union Trust Building, 

Cleveland, Rockefeller Building, 

Denver, First National Bank Building, 

Detroit, Ford Building, 

New Orleans, Maison Blanche, 

New York, Hudson Terminal, 30 Church Street, 

Philadelphia, Widener Building, 

Pittsburgh, Carnegie Building, 

St. Louis, Third National Bank Building, 

St. Paul, Pioneer Building. 

EXPORT REPRESENTATIVES: 

UNITED STATES STEEL PRODUCTS CO.. 

New York, Hudson Terminal, 30 Church Street. 

PACIFIC COAST REPRESENTATIVES: 

UNITED STATES STEEL PRODUCTS CO.. PACIFIC COAST DEPT. 
Los Angeles, Jackson Street and Central Avenue, 
Portland, Selling Building, 
San Francisco, Rialto Building, 
Seattle, 4th Avenue South and Connecticut Avenue. 



